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Key developments since May 2000: Norway continued to play a crucial leadership role in promoting full implementation and consolidation of the Mine Ban Treaty. Norway served as President of the Second Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in September 2000 and presided over the intersessional process throughout the subsequent year. Norway became co-rapporteur of the Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention in September 2000. Norwegian funding for mine action in 2000 totaled more than US$19 million.
Norway signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997, ratified it on 9 July 1998 and became a State Party on 1 March 1999. Implementing legislation was passed on 16 June 1998.
At the Second Meeting of States Parties (SMSP) in September 2000, Norway was represented by Steffen Kongstad, Ambassador to the Permanent Mission of Norway in Geneva, and Hans Fredrik Lehne, Ambassador and Special Advisor in the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with other members of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Permanent Mission to the UN, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation, and the Norwegian Red Cross. Norway was elected President of the SMSP, with Ambassador Kongstad serving in that position, and presided over the intersessional process and Standing Committee meetings since September 2000. Ambassador Kongstad has chaired the regular meetings of the Coordinating Committee established at the SMSP to facilitate implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty.
Norway continues to play a crucial leadership role internationally in promoting adherence to the Mine Ban Treaty; this remains a priority for Norway.[1] At the SMSP, the Norwegian delegation stressed the importance of implementation and consolidation of the Mine Ban Treaty. Ambassador Lehne declared that the Mine Ban Treaty is now established as “the new international norm and the only credible political and legal instrument and practical tool for reversing the development of the landmine crisis.” He said real progress could only be measured by “removing landmines from the ground so that we minimize the risk for people living under the threat of these weapons. This must always remain on the top of our agenda.” Referring to Article 8 (Compliance) of the Mine Ban Treaty, he added that, “We must pursue a strict policy in the event of clear evidence of violations.... Swift and appropriate action must be taken to ensure compliance with its provisions.”[2]
At the SMSP, Norway became co-rapporteur of the Standing Committee on the General Status and Operation of the Convention. Norway was an active participant in all the Standing Committee meetings in December 2000 and May 2001. Norway regularly made key interventions during the Standing Committee meetings, both of a forward-looking nature as well as with regard to restating the interpretation of key elements of the Mine Ban Treaty as intended by the negotiators in Oslo in 1997. In his opening remarks to the intersessional meetings in May 2001, Ambassador Kongstad stated, “I have seen it as a priority, at this stage, to consolidate the process and the implementation of the Convention. That is not to say that for example universalisation does not continue to be important.... But we have reached a phase where we must focus on consolidation, and I will mention two areas where this has to be done. One is to secure the sustainability of the process by further developing the structures through strengthening the implementation support functions.... The other area is compliance. This is a highly important issue.... Compliance is not to be taken lightly. Compliance with Treaty obligations is fundamental to the credibility of the Convention and to the ability to meet the humanitarian objectives of the Convention.”[3]
Norway submitted Article 7 transparency reports on 26 August 1999, 23 August 2000 and 11 June 2001.[4] The reports provide no new information on United States antipersonnel mines stockpiled in Norway. The International Campaign to Ban Landmines has called for the inclusion in Article 7 reports of details on “Claymore mines, prohibited antivehicle mines with sensitive fuzes or anti-handling devices, specific uses of retained mines, and any foreign stocks.”[5] These items have not been included in Norway’s Article 7 reports.[6]
Norway voted for UN General Assembly Resolution 55/33V in November 2000, which calls for universalization and full implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. Norway introduced the resolution along with Mozambique and Nicaragua, the past, present and future presidents of the meetings of States Parties. Norway has been a significant participant in the Universalization Contact Group, which received formal recognition at the SMSP. Norway takes many opportunities to promote the treaty, as in Lebanon, where during an official Norwegian visit the Lebanese government was asked why it voted against the UN pro-ban resolution.[7]
In January 2001, Norway joined the UN Security Council, for a two-year period, which the Ministry of Foreign Affairs regards as an opportunity to raise the mines issue: “Norway will keep a high profile and promote humanitarian issues in both peacekeeping operations, in demobilization, disarmament and rehabilitation. In addition to disarmament, the landmine issue is of great importance in order to secure safe rehabilitation.”[8]
Norway is a party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) and sees this as an important tool in international humanitarian law. But it believes that the CCW needs to be strengthened, for example by dealing with the issue of “explosive remnants of war.”[9] Norway attended the Second Annual Conference of States Parties to CCW Amended Protocol II in December 2000, at which it co-sponsored the proposal by the Netherlands that consideration be given to amending the CCW to deal with explosive remnants of war.[10] In April 2001, at the Second Preparatory Committee for the CCW Review Conference, Norway again underlined the need for an “instrument that specifically addresses this humanitarian problem and that further reduce the indiscriminate effects of weapons and avoid unnecessary and unacceptable suffering.”[11]
On 13-14 March 2001, Norway attended the technical consultation hosted by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) on antivehicle mines with sensitive antihandling devices or sensitive fuzes. Norway did not present a technical paper to the seminar, and did not contribute to the subsequent discussion of the results of the seminar at the Standing Committee on General Status on 11 May 2001.[12]
Production of antipersonnel mines, as defined by the Mine Ban Treaty, is illegal in Norway and no research is being conducted on munitions that may function as antipersonnel mines, or on antitank mines or cluster submunitions.[13] In April 2001, however, it was disclosed that Norway, through its Petroleum Investment Fund, had bought shares in a Singapore-based company, Singapore Technologies Ltd. This company is a known producer of antipersonnel mines.[14] When challenged by the opposition in Parliament, as well as by Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) and other NGOs, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg did not deny the existence of such investments and was not willing to refute them. However, as a result of mounting public pressure, the government signaled a willingness to change its position. In proposed revisions to the State budget, the Ministry of Finance, which is responsible for the Petroleum Fund, considered whether such investments, even as a passive minority shareholder in an antipersonnel mine producer, constitute a violation of Mine Ban Treaty Article 1 and concluded that, “if the Petroleum Fund invests in a company that produces antipersonnel mines, it cannot be excluded that the State violates the Mine Ban Treaty.”[15]
Accordingly, the government proposed to change the management of the Petroleum Fund to allow the exclusion of investment in companies engaged in activities that violate international conventions to which Norway is a party. The issue was due to be discussed in Parliament in mid-June 2001.
The position regarding the transfer to or from Norway of US antipersonnel mines remains unchanged.[16]
Norway reported that its antipersonnel mine stockpile was destroyed by October 1996. This did not include the Claymore-type directional fragmentation mines FFV-013, M19 and M100 (the latter two imported from Austria). Norway recognized that when activated by tripwire these mines are classified as antipersonnel mines, and in August 1998 started modifications to ensure command-detonation only; these modifications were completed in December 1999. Details of the modifications to remove the tripwire/victim-activation mode of use were presented to the Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention on 7 December 2000. The exact numbers of mines involved were not revealed, although there were said to be only a few of the FFV-013, which may be phased out. Modification was completed in seventeen months at a cost of approximately NOK70 million (US$7.7 million), equivalent to about US$33 per pack of three mines.[17]
In all three of its Article 7 reports (August 1999, August 2000, and June 2001) Norway reported retaining no antipersonnel mines for training or development purposes. In Standing Committee meetings Norway has stated on several occasions that Norwegian forces do not use live mines for training. However, as reported in last year’s Landmine Monitor, the Ministry of Defense in a June 2000 letter said it possessed less than 100 mines for training purposes.[18] Ministry of Foreign Affairs officials subsequently told Landmine Monitor that this was in fact an error, that the mines in question were “dummy” mines, not live mines. In an April 2001 letter, the Ministry of Defense said that there were no live mines retained for training in Norway at the present time, but that the Ministry reserved the right to import antipersonnel mines for purposes permitted by the Mine Ban Treaty. [19] The Ministry said that this would relate primarily to international peacekeeping operations, that the number would not exceed thirty of each model, and that the Landmine Monitor would be informed of this each year. The Ministry said training on mines is conducted primarily in countries where operations will be carried out. Within Norway, training is limited to mines with the explosive charge removed.[20]
The Ministries of Defense and Foreign Affairs will not confirm the quantity of 123,000 antipersonnel mines reported by US sources to be stockpiled by the US on Norwegian territory. However, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs states that the mines will be removed by 1 March 2003–four years after the entry into force of the Mine Ban Treaty, the legal deadine for destruction of antipersonnel mines under the jurisdiction or control of Norway, and adds that if the US wants to remove the mines before this date they can do so.[21]
The issue of US mines in Norway, and the suggestion by Landmine Monitor and NGOs that these could have been used in armed conflict, for example against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, was dismissed as hypothetical.[22]
The Ministry of Defense states that it considers that Norway can participate in joint operations with States which are not party to the Mine Ban Treaty, and in such cases may take advantage of cover from already mined areas, but cannot strengthen or renew the mining of these areas.[23]
The Ministry of Defense also states that use of antivehicle mines will continue as and when necessary.[24]
Norway continues to operate within the five-year commitment of US$120 million to mine action activities. This will end in 2002, but according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the commitment to contribute to mine action activities will continue after this date. However, “the amount remains to be seen, it is unsure in what degree the curve will increase. Mine action needs to be an integrated part of the development process.”[25] Norway also stresses that there should be no complete stop in funding in 2003 and that NGO participation in this process is essential to sustain and ensure continued funding.[26] Landmine Monitor calculated that for 1999, Norway spent more on mine action on a per capita basis, and as a percentage of GDP, than any other country.
Norway’s monetary contributions to mine action in 2000 totaled NOK 178,641,004 (US$19,150,645).[27] This includes funding from both the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD). The 2000 total is slightly less than the 1999 total of approximately NOK185 million.
Funding by Norway to mine action in 2000[28]
|
Country
|
Activity
|
Agency/Organization
|
|
|---|---|---|---|
|
Afghanistan
|
Integrated Mine Action Program
|
UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Aid
|
(NOK 5,500,000) US$594,543
|
|
Algeria
|
|
Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA)
|
(NOK 100,000) US$10,710
|
|
Angola
|
Pre-hospital mine injury management
Integrated Mine Action |
Trauma Care Foundation (TCF) NPA Scanteam |
(Total NOK 16,333,114)
37,306 1,710,233 3,400 |
|
Azerbaijan
|
|
UN Development Programme
|
(NOK 1,000,000) 107,202
|
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina
|
Mine Clearance Program
|
NPA
(via International Trust Fund) SFOR International Trust Fund (ITF) National Institute for Public Health NPA |
(Total NOK 28,131,198)
204,384 1,940,353 13,364 857,615 |
|
Burma
|
|
AMB Bangkok TCF |
(Total NOK 455,324)
356,000 48,861 |
|
Iraq
|
Explosive Ordnance Disposal
Victim Assistance |
NPA TCF ICRC |
(Total NOK 8,871,350)
516,388 140,168 301,271 |
|
Iran
|
Pilot Project/training of advanced first aid first aid trainers
|
TCF
|
(NOK 263,500) 28,251
|
|
Jordan
|
Mechanical and manual mine clearance
|
Mine clearance
|
(NOK 792,031) 85,796
|
|
Cambodia
|
Victim Assistance
Technical and managerial advisors to CMAC |
TCF NPA UNDP ICRC |
(NOK 8,135,000)
88,544 396,698 268,315 108,000 |
|
Croatia
|
CROMAC
|
UNDP
|
(NOK 2,000,000) 214,652
|
|
Ethiopia
|
Mine Action
|
UNMAS
|
(NOK 2,280,000) 246,978
|
|
Lebanon
|
Rehabilitation of Mine Victims
|
NPA
|
(NOK 3,000,000) 324,000
|
|
Laos
|
Technical and managerial advisors to UXO Lao
|
NPA UNDP |
(Total NOK 8,177,000)
622,491 255,114 |
|
Mozambique
|
Mine Clearance Program
|
NPA Handicap International |
(Total NOK 15,168,761)
1,609,891 18,113 |
|
Serbia and Montenegro
|
Mine destruction program in Kosovo
|
NPA ITF |
(Total NOK 31,500,000)
1,234,250 2,146,522 |
|
Somalia
|
Victim Assistance
|
ICRC
|
(NOK 2,387,000) 257,796
|
|
TOTAL
|
|
|
(NOK 134,094,278) 14,364,565
|
Funding by region/theme and multilateral funding
|
Activity/ Agencies/Organizations
|
Total US$
|
|---|---|
|
Global: Unspecified
|
|
|
Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining
|
(NOK 2,483,920) 266,475
|
|
ICBL
|
(NOK 1,800,000) 193,104
|
|
UNMAS & UN Secretariat
|
(NOK 718,794) 77,008
|
|
Norwegian Church Aid
|
(NOK 84,800) 9,097
|
|
Mine Action Canada
|
(NOK 220,000) 23,602
|
|
Miscellaneous
|
(NOK 17,220) 1,847
|
|
Norwegian Red Cross
|
(NOK 2,937,988) 315,187
|
|
Norwegian People’s Aid
|
(NOK 1,350,000) 144,828
|
|
Norwegian Permanent Mission to UN, Geneva
|
(NOK 76,804) 8,240
|
|
TCF
|
(NOK 48,200) 5,171
|
|
Tromsoe Center for Mine Victim Assistance
|
(NOK 1,925,000) 206,235
|
|
WHO
|
(NOK 5,200,000) 557,103
|
|
TCF
|
(NOK 200,000) 21,600
|
|
Global: victim assistance
|
|
|
ICRC
|
(NOK 25,014,000) 2,710,512
|
|
Africa: unspecified
UNMAS - Mine Action in Ethiopia and Eritrea |
(NOK 2,000,000) 216,647
|
|
Global: consultancies
|
(NOK 470,000) 50,706
|
|
TOTAL
|
(NOK 44,546,726) 4,786,080
|
No detailed policy has been adopted on mine action funding, but Norway has a clear conception of mine action as an integrated development activity. According to a background policy document, “Mine clearance is not an isolated activity but rather a part of other operations needed to create security for people experiencing/having experienced war and conflict. Moreover, mine action is a precondition for other positive development and should therefore be looked upon as part of other activities in a mine-affected country.”[29] Norway accords priority to financial support for mine-affected countries that are States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, but exceptions are made in cases of humanitarian need.
NPA conducts field operations as well as international advocacy work. In the reporting period, NPA has had mine action projects in Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, northern Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan), Kosovo, Laos, Mozambique, South Lebanon, and Thailand. Projects are primarily concerned with mine clearance and survey, and technical assistance to Mine Action Centers (for example, in Cambodia and Laos). As a relatively new project, NPA has drawn on the experiences gained in Angola and is currently developing and introducing Standard Operating Procedures for task impact assessment and task selection procedures for all their mine action programs. The objective is to improve efficiency as well as effectiveness in terms of meeting target group needs by integrating mine action directly or indirectly with other humanitarian and development initiatives and post-demining activities and land use. NPA is also actively engaged in the work of the ICBL, being part of the Coordination Committee since 1998 and a member of the Landmine Monitor Core Group. NPA is also involved in a variety of initiatives aimed at enhancing coordination, information exchange and promoting humanitarian mine action globally, together with other key mine action NGOs and the UN.
The Norwegian Red Cross, Trauma Care Foundation, and Tromsoe Mine Victim Resource Center are the major organizations focusing on mine victim assistance. The main goal of Norwegian Red Cross (NRC) is to assist and reintegrate persons victimized by landmines. NRC is contributing financially to mine awareness programs conducted by the ICRC in several countries (Afghanistan, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Costa Rica, Croatia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Iraq, Kosovo, Lebanon, and Nicaragua). In 2001, the NRC is supporting four projects: the ICRC’s work with mine victims, the Erbil and Monsul rehabilitation centers in Iraq, the orthopedic center and physical therapy education in Somalia, and the ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled.
Trauma Care Foundation (TCF) and the Tromsoe Mine Victim Resource Center (TMC) are continuing to support “mine-ridden farming communities in the south so they may endure and survive the silent war of the minefields, wars and catastrophes that they never asked for.”[30] Through cooperation with national health authorities, the aim is to “develop guidelines for treatment and training fitting low-resource post-conflict communities.”[31] TCF has victim assistance programs in Angola, Burma, Cambodia, Iran, and northern Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan), and published the instruction book “Save Lives–Save Limbs” in 2000. TMC has conducted several studies with local medical staff working with mine injuries. The development and production of teaching aids have been the main priority for TMC in 2000.
A number of R&D programs are taking place, aimed at improving the demining process and enhancing knowledge of how mine action programs function.
Norwegian Demining Consortium AS is finishing the development of the mine clearance machine, Compact 230 MineCat, in cooperation with NPA. After a trial period of eight months in Kosovo conducted by the Mines Advisory Group, the machine has proved to be very useable, but the project is experiencing financial difficulties.[32]
In mid-2001, the Defense Research Institute (FFI) will finish studying the consequences of the antipersonnel mine ban as a part of the NATO SAS-023 working group. FFI continues its involvement in studies on molecules emanating from antipersonnel mines buried in the soil, in order to improve the use of dogs in mine clearance. To establish certification procedures, FFI is cooperating with the Norwegian Competence Center on mine detection dogs and the Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining.
Rofi Industries is a major manufacturer and supplier of shelters and protective systems within its Scandinavian market. For the demining industry Rofi has developed and deployed Ballistic Blanket Kits in cooperation with major UN agencies. Rofi also makes deminers’ vests and flak jackets.[33]
In 2000, the Foundation for Scientific and Industrial Research at the Norwegian Institute of Technology (SINTEF) completed the development of a simulation package for modeling the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in mixed soils. The antenna design and verification tool for use in developing the GPR/metal-detector multisensor has been developed for the European Union PICE project headed by SAAB Bofors Dynamics in Sweden, in partnership with the Austrian government and Schiebel. Verification of the software is due in 2001.[34]
Norway is also involved in the Nordic Demining Research Forum (NDRF), a joint research forum between Norway, Denmark and Sweden where the aim is to stimulate “research and development activities to support improvement in demining efficiency and safety.”[35] NDRF acts through seminars and workshops, information gathering and distribution and closed project groups. The goal is to facilitate discussions and gather research on mine activities in the Nordic countries. A main theme that NDRF is looking at is risk analysis.
The AMAC (Assistance to Mine-Affected Communities) project[36] at the International Peace Research Institute in Oslo takes a community-based approach to mines, emphasizing people’s abilities to cope with the problem. Established in March 1999, the project has been engaged mainly in research and documentation, but since late 2000 has also been involved in capacity-building, offering workshops and training courses for a variety of audiences. A significant piece of work in 2000 was the research and writing of a case study of Mozambique, funded by the International Development Research Center, for the UN Development Program’s Study on Socio-Economic Approaches to Mine Action.[37] In the first half of 2001, AMAC’s major activity has been a joint project with NPA in Manica province, Mozambique. Nine communities significantly affected by mines have been selected on the basis of the new Level One Survey. The aim is to train NPA staff to conduct community studies and provide NPA with a more solid understanding of the communities in which they work, so they can fine-tune mine action activities to each community and monitor operational impact. The project’s final report will be presented at the Third Meeting of State Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in September 2001. In addition, AMAC was also part of an evaluation of the contribution to mine action by the Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA), in collaboration with the Swedish Institute for Public Administration (SIPU).[38] The core funding for the AMAC project is provided by the Norwegian Ministry of Defense and Canada’s Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and NORAD have stated, “Assistance to mine victims needs to be integrated into a country’s general public health structure and in a context which does not imply ethical dilemmas regarding prioritizations. An activity can start as a consequence of a landmine situation–however, the priorities regarding use of such activities should be taken on a medical basis.”[39] It is difficult, therefore, to detail the different activities receiving funding. According to a background paper from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, all future cooperation with NRC and the ICRC should be based on integration of mine victims into the mine-affected country’s health structure.[40] The main goal of Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ funding for mine victims is that they become productive contributors to the post-conflict development of communities.[41]
The work of NGOs on victim assistance is noted above. No mine awareness activities have been identified in 2000.
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[1] Interview with Amb. Hans Fredrik Lehne, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, 27 March 2001. For details of Norway’s key role in the Ottawa Process, see Landmine Monitor Report 1999, pp. 633-634 and Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 697-698.
[2] Statement by Amb. Hans Fredrik Lehne, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, SMSP, Geneva, 12 September 2000.
[3] Opening Statement by Ambassador Steffen Kongstad, President of the SMSP, Mine Ban Convention/Intersessional Work Programme, 7-11 May 2001.
[4] Article 7 reports, submitted 26 August 1999 for the period 1 March-26 August 1999; 23 August 2000 for the period 23 August 1999-22 August 2000; and 11 June 2001 for calendar year 2000.
[5] Letter to States Parties from ICBL, 24 April 2001.
[6] Article 7 report submitted 11 June 2001 for calendar year 2000.
[7] Interview with Amb. Hans Fredrik Lehne, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, 27 March 2001.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Interview with Amb. Steffen Kongstad, Geneva, 3 April 2001.
[10] Landmine Monitor notes, Second Annual Conference of States Parties to CCW Amended Protocol II, Geneva, 11-13 December 2000.
[11] Norwegian statement regarding “Explosive Remnants of War” at Second Preparatory Committee for the CCW Review Conference, Geneva, 2-6 April 2001.
[12] Landmine Monitor notes, Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 11 May 2001.
[13] Statement from Norwegian Institute for Defense Research; see Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p. 699.
[14] Interview with Andrew Than, Policy Director, Ministry of Defense, Singapore, 29 March 2001; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p. 531.
[15] “Revidert Nasjonalbudsjett 2001” (Revised National Budget 2001); ST. Meld Nr 2 (Parliamentary Document, Proposition no. 2), p. 66; Ministry of Finance 2001 (unofficial translation).
[16] See Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p. 700.
[17] “Presentation by Lt.-Col. Thor Helge Moen,” Commander of the Norwegian Defense Engineer Tactic School, at the Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 7 December 2000; and Landmine Monitor notes.
[18] Letter to Norwegian People’s Aid from the Ministry of Defense, received 28 June 2000; see Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 700-701.
[19] Letter to Norwegian People’s Aid from the Ministry of Defense, received 9 April 2001.
[20] Ibid.; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 700-701.
[21] Interview with Amb. Hans Fredrik Lehne, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, 27 March 2001, and letter from Ministry of Defense, 9 April 2001; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p. 701.
[22] Interview with Amb. Hans Fredrik Lehne, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, 27 March 2001.
[23] Letter from Ministry of Defense, 9 April 2001. Landmine Monitor translation from Norwegian: “The Norwegian forces can, when taking over positions from foreign forces in the frontline, take advantage of the cover that already put out antipersonnel mines give, but do not have the opportunity to strengthen or renew this cover if it is a question about time-limited/restricted period.”
[24] Letter from Ministry of Defense, 9 April 2001.
[25] Interview with Amb. Hans Fredrik Lehne, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, 27 March 2001.
[26] Interview with Amb. Steffen Kongstad, Geneva, 3 April 2001.
[27] Information provided to Landmine Monitor by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and NORAD. See also, “Current and Planned Donor Activity by Norway,” UN Mine Action Service, Mine Investments Database, available at <www.dfait-maeci.ga.ca>, accessed on 26 May 2001.
[28] Information provided to Landmine Monitor by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and NORAD. See also, “Current and Planned Donor Activity by Norway,” UN Mine Action Service, Mine Investments Database, available at <www.dfait-maeci.ga.ca>, accessed on 26 May 2001.
[29] “Background–The Norwegian Five Year Commitment to Mine Action,” received from Amb. Hans Fredrik Lehne, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, 27 March 2001.
[30] Trauma Care Foundation, Annual Report 2000.
[31] Ibid.
[32] Letter from Norwegian Demining Consortium AS, 28 April 2001.
[33] Rofi website, <www.rofi.no>, accessed on 16 May 2001.
[34] Email from SINTEF, 30 April 2001.
[35] See http://www.ndrf.dk/index_frame.htm.
[36] For more information, see <www.prio.no/amac>.
[37] For more information, see Ananda S. Millard and Kristian Berg Harpviken, Reassessing the Impact of Humanitarian Mine Action: Illustrations from Mozambique, PRIO Report 1/2000.
[38] The report should be made public mid-2001.
[39] “Background–the Norwegian Five Year Commitment to Mine Action,” received from Ambassador Hans Fredrik Lehne, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Oslo, 27 March 2001.
[40] Ibid.
[41] Ibid.
