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Key developments since May 2001: Belgium continued to play a leading role in promoting the universalization and implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. Belgium was approved by States Parties to preside over the Fourth Meeting of States Parties in Geneva in September 2002. Belgium’s funding for mine action decreased in 2001.
Belgium signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997 and ratified it on 4 September 1998, becoming a State Party on 1 March 1999. National legislation banning antipersonnel mines has been in force for several years.[1]
At the Third Meeting of States Parties in September 2001 in Managua, Nicaragua, Belgium’s delegation was headed by Jean Lint, Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament, and Marc Baptist, Deputy Director-General of Political Multilateral Relations and Thematic Questions, Ministry of Foreign Affairs. A representative from the Belgian NGO, Handicap International Belgium, was also part of the delegation.
Ambassador Lint delivered a statement on behalf of the European Union and other countries. He summarized the success of the Mine Ban Treaty in gaining the adherence of many states but said:
We must do even better and reach out to the whole international community. The European Union will continue to press for swift worldwide application of the Convention. It has accordingly made more than 60 démarches to that effect.... We have no time to lose. The Convention lays down strict time limits for the destruction of stockpiles and clearance of mined areas.... The countries affected should not be left on their own in this fight. The whole international community should contribute to attaining the objectives of the Convention.... The European Union, as it has constantly stated, will direct its aid as a matter of priority to those States Parties and States Signatories which put into practice the principles and objectives of the Convention. [2]
Subsequently, Ambassador Lint declared, on behalf of Belgium, that the States negotiating the Mine Ban Treaty had intended that the number of mines retained under Article 3 should be the “minimum absolutely necessary.” He supported the suggestion of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines that States Parties should specify the intended purposes for which mines are retained.[3]
As co-chair of the intersessional Standing Committee on the General Status and Operation of the Convention, Belgium participated actively in preparations for the Third Meeting of States Parties in September 2001. At the meeting itself, Belgium was elected to be co-rapporteur of the Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Awareness and Mine Action Technologies. Belgium was also approved by States Parties to preside over the Fourth Meeting of States Parties, in September 2002, in Geneva.
Belgium participated extensively in the Standing Committee meetings in both January and May 2002.[4] At the Standing Committee meetings Belgium chaired the Article 7 contact group, and Ambassador Lint presented overviews of the status of reporting by States Parties. In the May meeting, the contact group was expanded to include efforts regarding Article 9 on national implementation measures. Also in May, Ambassador Lint presented a paper with suggestions for improving Article 7 reporting that was well received by other States Parties and the ICBL. In 2001, Belgium contributed financially to the Guide to Reporting under Article 7 of the Ottawa Convention prepared by the NGO, VERTIC.
Belgium is an active member of the Universalization Contact Group, set up by States Parties to promote the Mine Ban Treaty. The focus of Belgian universalization efforts has been in Africa. On 2-3 May 2002, Ambassador Lint spoke at a workshop on landmines held in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Lint also spoke in a regional seminar on landmines, held in Bangkok, Thailand later that month.
Belgium has taken part in discussions among States Parties regarding possible violations of the treaty and the operationalization of Mine Ban Treaty Article 8 on compliance.[5] On 31 May 2002, at the meeting of the Standing Committee on the General Status and Operation of the Convention, Belgium stated its preference to deal with compliance concerns in the Mine Ban Treaty’s spirit of cooperation, trust and transparency, rather than establishing a new compliance mechanism. It argued that the Standing Committees should be given the opportunity to deal with compliance issues, at least on the level of information exchange. Belgium supported Canadian proposals on compliance, and the suggestion of developing regional fora to deal with compliance.[6]
Belgium submitted its annual updated Article 7 Report on 30 April 2002, covering calendar year 2001. Previous Article 7 reports were submitted in May 1999, 15 August 1999, 27 April 2000 and 30 April 2001.[7] The reports in 2001 and 2002 include use of voluntary Form J, in which Belgium provides information on mine action funding and victim assistance measures.
On 29 November 2001, Belgium voted in favor of UN General Assembly Resolution 56/24M in support of the Mine Ban Treaty. In its capacity as future President of the Fourth Meeting of States Parties, Belgium joined Nicaragua and Norway, the current and past presidents of meetings of States Parties, in introducing the annual resolution.
In 2001 and 2002, Belgium continued to play a key role in universalization and implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. While serving as EU President in the second half of 2001, Belgium executed more than 50 démarches promoting the treaty.[8] Louis Michel, Vice-Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, addressed some 30 letters to his counterparts in States that have not yet signed or acceded to the treaty. On 1 March 2002, the third anniversary of entry into force of the treaty, Louis Michel stated that he was pleased with the increasing number of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty and encouraged non-signatory States to take the opportunity presented by the Fourth Meeting of States Parties in September 2002 to accede to it. He also encouraged all States Parties to respect the treaty deadlines for the destruction of mine stockpiles and clearance of mined areas.[9]
In January 2002, Mirella Minne, a Belgian Member of Parliament, introduced a draft resolution requesting the government to continue putting the treaty on both the national and international agenda, to ban all arms exports to countries which are not States Parties, to request the EU to urge states applying for membership to the union to accede to the treaty, and to increase collaboration with the United Nations and particularly the Conference on Disarmament. This proposal was discussed in Parliament on 15 May and adopted unanimously after amendment (including the removal of the proposed ban on exports to non-States Parties). [10]
Belgium, represented by Stéphane De Loecker, assumed the annual presidency of the Mine Action Support Group (MASG) in November 2001, with Belgium having identified the following priorities for the year: greater interaction between donors and agencies working in the field; a higher profile for mine action, and increased financial resources for mine action to ensure that it meets the needs better at the same time as maximizing the effectiveness of the funds.[11] These priorities for the MASG relate to Mine Ban Treaty Article 5, and to Belgium’s role as co-rapporteur of the Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Awareness and Mine Action Technologies. Ambassador Lint elaborated on the priorities in a speech given at the Royal Military Academy in Brussels on 18 February 2002 in the presence of the Belgian Minister of Defense and Philippe Busquin, European Commissioner for Research.[12]
On 23-28 September 2001, Belgium supported a mission on behalf of the Stability Pact for South East Europe, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Joe De Vroe of the Belgian armed forces to evaluate the capacity of a number of Balkan States to destroy their antipersonnel mine stockpiles in accordance with the Mine Ban Treaty, and to identify what additional assistance might be needed.[13]
Belgium is party to Amended Protocol II of the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW). Its annual report, submitted in accordance with Article 13 of the protocol on 19 November 2001, gives detailed information on international assistance and cooperation and research projects.[14]
Belgium attended the Third Annual Conference of States Parties to Amended Protocol II in December 2001.[15] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs observed that a limited number of States have given their consent to be bound by Amended Protocol II, but have not yet become States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, and asked what was preventing these States from adhering to both the protocol and the treaty.[16]
The same delegation represented Belgium at the Second CCW Review Conference in December 2001. Ambassador Lint presented a statement on behalf of the EU and other countries. The statement described the Mine Ban Treaty and Amended Protocol II as complementary (“la grande complémentarité”) and he reminded delegates that the treaty’s intersessional Standing Committee meetings were open to all States. The statement called for universalization of both the Mine Ban Treaty and Amended Protocol II, and set out the EU position in favor of several proposals before the CCW conference: extension of the Convention to non-international conflicts, a strongly mandated expert working group on “explosive remnants of war,” and a more stringent regulation of “mines other than antipersonnel mines.”[17]
On 11 September 2001, at the Conference on Disarmament, Ambassador Lint congratulated Bangladesh, Chile, Colombia, Kenya, and Romania on ratifying the Mine Ban Treaty. Six other CD members had signed, but not yet ratified the treaty, and 25 were non-signatories. He summarized the progress made by many States Parties toward meeting the treaty commitments, and concluded that “an international standard had been created for the total prohibition of the production, stockpiling, use and transfer of anti-personnel mines, and that this standard could not be circumvented even by non-signatory States.” He called on all States to accede to the Mine Ban Treaty as soon as possible.[18]
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs repeated in March 2002 the previous policy that Belgian forces are prohibited from any use of antipersonnel mines in joint military operations with a State not party to the Mine Ban Treaty, and that efforts were made to encourage other NATO partners to become States Parties. In Parliament, Defense Minister Andre Flahaut confirmed that he has informed partners and allies on the restrictions which national legislation imposes during joint military operations, and that Belgian military forces in joint military operations fall under national legislation.[19]
Belgium completed destruction of its antipersonnel mine stockpile in September 1997. An initial quantity of 6,240 antipersonnel mines (Type M 35 Bg) was retained in 1999 for purposes permitted by Mine Ban Treaty Article 3. This quantity has since been reduced each year (5,816 at the end of 1999, 5,433 at the end of 2000, and 5,099 at the end of 2001). Belgium supplies full details in Form G.1 of the Article 7 reports about the exact purposes for which each quantity of retained mines has been used/destroyed. Since 1999, Belgium has used 1,141 antipersonnel mines for permitted purposes, especially the training of military engineers.[21]
On 1 February 2002, at the Standing Committee meetings in Geneva, Belgium declared that it needed live mines for permitted training purposes, and that it was using between 350 and 400 antipersonnel mines per year.[22]
At a Standing Committee meeting in May 2002, the Belgian delegation stated that the army had reviewed its antivehicle mines and concluded that all types in the inventory are “in compliance with both the spirit and letter” of the treaty.[23]
Several parliamentary initiatives concerning antivehicle mines with antihandling devices have been introduced since the developments reported in the Landmine Monitor Report 2001. In the Senate two proposals were discussed: Senator E. Thijs (Christian Democratic Party) and Senator P. Mahoux (Socialist Party) each introduced a proposal prohibiting antihandling devices. The Minister of Defense, Andre Flahaut, initially saw no objections to a prohibition. The President of the Commission decided to organize a hearing on the issue together with the Commission of the Chamber of Representatives, where a similar proposal had been introduced. The Defense Minister, in consultation with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, reportedly announced that in view of its international commitments, the Belgian government cannot engage in a unilateral prohibition.[24]
On 4 March 2002, Handicap International Belgium wrote to the Defense Minister again expressing its concerns about the HPD mine in Belgian stockpiles, and giving technical information about this French-made antivehicle mine equipped with an antihandling device. The letter pointed out that important questions about these mines were raised by CNEMA (Commission Nationale française d’Elimination des Mines Antipersonnel).[25] On 9 April 2002, Defense Minister Andre Flahaut replied, stating that the HPD is considered to be an antivehicle mine and that, “My department has considered the questions advanced by the CNEMA in its 2000 annual report. I can tell you that the technical requirements, as set out in the specifications, were met as soon as the devices were received. To my knowledge, no new element has invalidated these declarations of conformity.”[26]
In addition to the technical information on the HPD mine noted in the Landmine Monitor Report 2001, military sources have indicated that the antihandling device may be detonated by a person walking nearby carrying metal (such as a metal belt, military equipment, or a metal detector) and that the self-neutralization feature is easily re-set.[27]
In 2001, and through 14 May 2002 the SEDEE-DOVO (Belgium’s explosive ordnance disposal unit) were not aware of any mine-related incidents in Belgium.[28] On 9 March 2002, a mine was discovered in the town of Thumaide by a man digging in his garden.[29]
In 2001, Belgium contributed about €3,651,506 (US$3,279,052) to mine action, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Form J of the Article 7 Report for 2001. This represents a decrease from governmental funding in 2000 ($3,749,594), and contrasts with policy statements stressing the need to maintain high levels of mine action funding. The Belgian entries on the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) Mine Action Investments database show a total of $3,157,138 donated in 2001 and $3,722,250 donated in 2000.[31]
In 2001, funding was allocated to the following projects according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (amounts in Euro) and the UNMAS database (amounts in US$); major variances between these two sources are noted.
• Burundi: Assistance to Disabled Persons in Burundi via HIB (physical rehabilitation and socio-economic reintegration): €152,054 ($136,545).
• Cambodia: Physical Rehabilitation: €82,532 ($74,114) and Socio-Economic Reintegration: €184,235 ($165,443). Both via HIB.
• Colombia: Structural Support to the Rei Foundation (rehabilitation of disabled persons, Cartagena) via HIB: €82,417 ($74,010).[38]
As noted above, Belgium contributed €1.5 million to R&D on mine detection and clearance technologies in 2001. Landmine Monitor Report 2001 provided a description for most of the R&D programs, but some updated information follows.[41]
HUDEM (National Project on Humanitarian Demining): Its first phase will be terminated at the end of 2002. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs described HUDEM as a great success, and expects that the request for a further phase of the program, over four years, will be accepted.
PARADIS (Projet d’Aide a la Planification Rationelle des Opérations de Déminage Fondée sur l’Imagerie Satellitaire): This multi-agency project to develop an electronic planning and follow-up tool for demining operations, based on satellite images, included evaluation missions in Mozambique in April 2001 and Laos in June 2001. The project finished in October 2001.
APOPO (AntiPersoonsmijn-Ontmijnings Productontwikkeling): This project researching the use of “bio-sensors” (African rats) in humanitarian mine clearance operations reached the stage of field-testing in 2001. These tests, in minefields in Tanzania, produced encouraging results, with the rats proving more successful in detecting mines than dogs trained for the purpose. A validation phase in 2002 was foreseen.
HOPE (Hand-held Operational Demining System): In this multi-agency project Belgium is in charge of the program that seeks to develop a more effective mine detector. Testing was carried out in 2001 at the European Commission (EC) research center at Ispra and in Bosnia and Herzegovina. A demonstration system was tested in early 2002 to see whether the project was feasible, but the army expected that two to three years and additional funding would be required to make it operational.[42]
Multi-Sensor Mine Signature: This project, which is to construct a database of mine-signatures to support researchers testing or developing new mine detectors, is half financed by the EC research center and half by EU countries. The Belgian Royal Military Academy contributes personnel to the project.
ARIS and EUDEM 2: These networks aim to accelerate European research in humanitarian demining by giving information on progress and difficulties in ongoing research, new technologies, procedures and normalization standards. The Belgian Royal Military Academy participates in ARIS and the Free University of Brussels leads EUDEM 2.
DEMINE: This project, financed by the EC, researches a cost-efficient surface-penetrating radar detector for humanitarian demining. The Free University of Brussels participated in this project until September 2001, which will end in 2002.
SMART (Spaceborne and Airborne Mined Area Reduction Tools): This project started in May 2001 under the technical direction of the Royal Military Academy and the management of the Belgian company Trasys Space. The goal is to improve general surveys of minefields in South East Europe, by providing image analysts with tools to interpret images correctly. The project will continue through May 2004.
CLEARFAST: This new project, which started in January 2001, researches low-risk area reduction based on the fusion of advanced sensor technologies. It is funded by the EC, and the Free University of Brussels participates. It will continue through May 2003.
ARC: This new project, which started in January 2001, involves the Free University of Brussels. It aims to develop, demonstrate and promote a new system for performing technical surveys, and use a remotely-controlled helicopter (camcopter) to reduce contaminated zones. The project is EC-funded project will continue until December 2003.
Handicap International Belgium organized an event in the Senate on 12 September 2001 to mark the launch of the Landmine Monitor Report 2001. This was attended by the media and by many political figures including Armand De Decker, President of the Senate, Olivier Deleuze, Secretary of State for Energy and Sustainable Development, and Ambassador Lint.
In 2001, Handicap International Belgium[43] continued to raise public awareness of the mine issue, using its symbol of blue laces to express solidarity with mine survivors. On 5 September 2001, in an international football match between Belgium and Scotland, Belgian players wore the HI logo on their shirts and his Royal Highness King Albert II also wore the logo. Child landmine survivors from Cambodia and Senegal entered the field together with the players. A local team, KFC Wintam, also wore blue laces at matches on 6-7 October and 13-14 October. On 27 October 2001, the Belgian rugby federation played a match against Switzerland also wearing the blue laces.
On 22 February 2002, HI Belgium organized National Blue Laces Day, its annual public awareness day on the mine issue. The Belgian Scout and Guide Movement gave its support to the campaign on “Thinking Day,” the day its founder, Lord Baden-Powell, was born. Several actions took place throughout Belgium, including mine awareness games provided by HI Belgium.
HI also set up a photo exhibition in the Peace House in Ghent, on 22 February-25 March 2002. The exhibition combined materials from the field (mines, prostheses, etc) with audiovisual stories of landmine victims. About 260 visitors came to see it, and workshops were organized for eight groups.
On 1 March 2002, to mark the third anniversary of the entry into force of the Mine Ban Treaty, HI sent letters to the Embassies of all States Parties in Brussels, urging Ambassadors to increase the pressure on non-signatory states, especially India and Pakistan, to join the treaty, and issued a press release.
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[1] See Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p. 577.
[2] Statement made by Belgium on behalf of the European Union (EU) to the Third Meeting of States Parties, Managua, Nicaragua, 18-21 September 2001. Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Turkey associated themselves with the EU statement.
[3] Landmine Monitor notes, Third Meeting of States Parties, Managua, Nicaragua, 18-21 September 2001.
[4] Belgium was represented by Ambassador Lint, Stéphane de Loecker, Belgium’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations in New York, Damien Angelet and Filip Van der Linden from the Belgian Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, and various officials from the Ministries of Defense, Foreign Affairs, and International Cooperation.
[5] Email from Damien Angelet, Deputy Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament, 24 April 2002.
[6] Landmine Monitor notes, Standing Committee meeting on the General Operation and Status of the Convention, Geneva, 31 May 2002.
[7] Article 7 reports submitted on 2 May 1999 for the period 3 December 1997-30 April 1999, submitted on 15 August 1999 for the period 1 May-15 August 1999, submitted on 27 April 2000 for calendar year 1999, submitted on 30 April 2001 for calendar year 2000, and submitted on 30 April 2002 for calendar year 2001.
[8] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 28 March 2002, p. 2.
[9] Press Release, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 March 2002.
[10] “Proposition of Resolution in Relation to the Universalization and Intersessional Work of the Ottawa Convention of 1997, Concerning the Prohibition of the Use and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction,” Brussels, 31 January 2002, index no. 1748/1, and as amended 15 May 2002, index no. 1748/2.
[11] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, March 2002, p.3.
[12] Ambassador Jean Lint, “Mine Action Technologies and the Ottawa Convention,” Royal Military Academy, Brussels, 18 February 2002.
[13] Response to the Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 28 March 2002, p. 6; “Overview of Capability Reports,” Reay Group on Mine Action, Working Table III (Security Issues), Stability Pact for South-East Europe, 17 October 2001.
[14] CCW, Amended Protocol II, Article 13 Report, submitted on 19 November 2001.
[15] The delegation was led by Ambassador Lint and included Danielle Haven, Director, Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Damien Angelet, from the Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Lieutenant-Colonel Baudoin Briot and Major Dominique Jones, both from the Ministry of Defense.
[16] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 28 March 2002, p. 5.
[17] Statement delivered by Belgium on behalf of the EU to the Second Review Conference, Geneva, 11-21 December 2001. (The statement was delivered on 11 December 2001, although the document is dated 10 December 2001). Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland also associated themselves with the EU statement.
[18] United Nations, “Conference on Disarmament Hears Statements on Convention for the Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines,” Press Release, Geneva, 11 September 2001.
[19] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 28 March 2002, pp. 3-4; oral joint questions from Mirella Minne and Ferdy Willems, Commission of National Defense, Chamber of Representatives, Integral Bulletin Ref. CRIV 50 COM 672, 26 February 2002, pp. 3-4.
[20] For details of past production and transfer, see Landmine Monitor Report 1999, pp. 540-543, and Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 613.
[21] Article 7 reports submitted on 2 May 1999, 15 August 1999, 27 April 2000, 30 April 2001, 30 April 2002, Forms B, D, G.
[22] Article 7 reports submitted on 2 May 1999, 15 August 1999, 27 April 2000, 30 April 2001, Form D, and Landmine Monitor notes, Standing Committee meeting on the General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 1 February 2002.
[23] Landmine Monitor notes of the Standing Committee on the General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 31 May 2002.
[24] Email from Karl Verdickt, CD&V (Christian Democratic Party), 26 April 2002; see Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp. 613-616 for previous developments.
[25] Letter from Handicap International Belgium to Andre Flahaut, 4 March 2002.
[26] Letter from Andre Flahaut to Handicap International Belgium, 9 April 2002. Landmine Monitor researcher’s translation.
[27] Interviews with a former officer in SEDEE-DOVO, 2 December 2001, and with a retired military engineer, 30 May 2001; see also reports on France and Switzerland in this edition of the Landmine Monitor, and Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp. 613-616, and 691-692.
[28] Telephone interview with Colonel Briot, SEDEE-DOVO, 14 May 2002.
[29] “Thumaide: une Mine dans le Jardin” (Thumaide: a Mine in the Garden), Nord Eclair, (éd. Mons, Borinage) (French language newspaper), 10 March 2002. See Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp. 616-617, for details of notifications to SEDEE-DOVO and past incidents.
[30] For mine action funding policy, see Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 617. Unless otherwise specified below, information in this section comes from: Response to the Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 28 March 2002, which contains the same funding data as the Article 7 Report, Form J, submitted 30 April 2002 for the calendar year 2001. Exchange rate at 29 April 2002: €1 = US$0.898; €1 = BEF40.3399, used throughout this report. However, this differs in some respects from the mine action investments database of the United Nations Mine Action Service.
[31] “Annual Donor Report for Belgium: 2001,” Mine Action Investments database, UNMAS, at www.mineaction.org, accessed on 10 April 2002; the UNMAS records funding in US dollars only; these dollar amounts are used in this report.
[32] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 28 March 2002, p. 2; email from Angela Woodward, VERTIC, 8 March 2002; this item of expenditure is not recorded in the Response of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 28 March 2002, nor on the UNMAS Mine Action Investments database.
[33] The contribution to the government of Nicaragua of €13,000 is shown on the UNMAS database as $13,000.
[34] The contribution to the Landmine Monitor of €50,000 is shown on the UNMAS database as $50,000.
[35] Amended Protocol II Article 13 Report, 19 November 2001, Form E.
[36] Ibid.
[37] Two clearly different amounts for funding of this project in 2001 are given, respectively, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (€369,825) and UNMAS ($639,200).
[38] Interview with Jerome Ruelle, Financial Director, HIB, 2 August 2002. “Plan d’Action 2001. Lutte contre le handicap dans les pays en développement”, HIB, September 2000.
[39] Two clearly different amounts for funding of this project in 2001 are given, respectively, by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (€744,000) and UNMAS ($310,025).
[40] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 28 March 2001, pp. 10-13, Amended Protocol II Article 13 Report, 19 November 2001, Form E, and Article 7 report submitted on 30 April 2002 for calendar year 2001, Form J.
[41] See Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp. 619-620, for descriptions of ITEP, HUDEM, PARADIS, APOPO, HOPE, Multi-Sensor Mine Signature, and ARIS.
[42] Information provided by the Belgian army in June 2002 and contained in email from Koen Baetens, HI Belgium, Brussels, 19 June 2002.
[43] www.handicapinternational.be.
