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Key developments since May 2001: A new demining law was approved in February 2002. Donors provided $16.6 million in mine action funding in 2001. Demining operations cleared 5.5 to 6 million square meters of land in 2001, and 73.5 million square meters of land were surveyed. A national Landmine Impact Survey is expected to start in November 2002. There were 87 mine and UXO casualties in 2001, a reduction from 2000.
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH)[1] signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997 and ratified it on 8 September 1998, becoming a State Party on 1 March 1999. BiH reported on 20 May 2002 that a “special law” prohibiting use and production of antipersonnel mines was in the process of creation and “should be completed by autumn 2002.”[2] The Demining Commission stated that it was working on a first draft and would do its utmost to have the new law adopted by the end of 2002.[3] Zoran Grujic, Assistant Director of Information of the BiH Mine Action Center (BHMAC), told Landmine Monitor that the possession, production, storage, and use of antipersonnel mines was already criminalized as “any other explosive device” by existing law in BiH.[4]
After long delays, BiH adopted a Demining Law on 12 February 2002.[5] The UN High Representative described the importance of the new legislation: “This legislation will strengthen the Demining Commission, creating a single focal point that will represent BiH demining operations in its relations with the international community. The law will authorize BHMAC to implement the same standards for demining across BiH, and for the first time offer protection to deminers by defining their responsibilities and rights in line with international standards.”[6] The law entered into force in March 2002.
BiH attended the Third Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in September 2001 in Nicaragua. On 29 November 2001, BiH cosponsored and voted in favor of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 56/24M supporting the Mine Ban Treaty. BiH participated in the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in January and May 2002.
BiH submitted its third Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 transparency report on 20 May 2002.[7] It submitted its annual report on landmines to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) on 26 April 2002.[8]
BiH is party to Amended Protocol II of the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW), but did not submit a national annual report in December 2001. BiH did not attend the Third Annual Conference of States Parties to Amended Protocol II in December 2001, but did attend the subsequent CCW Second Review Conference.
BiH has not reported the date on which it ceased production of antipersonnel mines. There is no evidence of production or transfer of antipersonnel mines since entry into force of the Mine Ban Treaty in March 1999. About half of the former Yugoslavia’s defense production was located in BiH, with substantial mine production at factories in Gorazde, Vogosca, and Bugojno.
BiH’s first Article 7 Report on 1 February 2000 stated that BiH “has not completed the planning process appertaining to the conversion or decommissioning of APM production facilities. The work is intended to be undertaken this year (2000) and will be reported on as and when the plans are completed.”[9] BiH’s two subsequent Article 7 Reports state that “the Bugojno factory has destroyed all the equipment used in mine production,” but do not refer to the other former production facilities.[10]
Requested to supply the missing information, two members of the Demining Commission stated in January 2002 that all production facilities had been decommissioned.[11] The same month, the director of the Gorazde factory confirmed that it did previously produce antipersonnel mines (contradicting an earlier denial by the Federation Defense Minister)[12] and added that its production facilities remain in place.[13]
Destruction of antipersonnel mine stockpiles was completed by November 1999, with a total of 460,727 mines destroyed.[14] In addition to those mines, BiH reports the ongoing destruction of mines acquired in mine clearance operations and collected by the Entity Armies, civil protection teams, and the international Stabilization Forces’ (SFOR) Operation Harvest. By 1 September 2001, a total of 71,829 antipersonnel mines acquired or collected in these ways were destroyed, and by 30 April 2002 the total had increased to 73,703.[15]
BiH’s initial Article 7 Report of February 2000 noted a total of 2,165 antipersonnel mines retained under Article 3 for training and development purposes.[16] The two later Article 7 Reports of September 2001 and May 2002 note a total of 2,405 mines retained. The bigger total includes fuzeless mines and fuzes not reported initially, as well as an additional 20 PMR-21 antipersonnel mines.[17]
A BHMAC official told Landmine Monitor that some of the discrepancies in the Article 7 Reports were due to the lack of continuity between the previous and current Demining Commission. He added that with the new Demining Law, the current Demining Commission will be able to demand more complete information.[18]
According to the Article 7 Reports, neither the Republika Srpska nor the Federation entity has expended any of the retained mines since entry into force; no details of the planned purposes for which they are being retained have been reported.
Landmine Monitor Report 2001 included a number of reports of possible use of antipersonnel mines in BiH, particularly in relation to suspected attempts by Bosnian Serbs in southern Bosnia to prevent the return of Bosnian Muslim refugees. In December 2001 and January 2002, BiH officials stated that there was no evidence of new emplacement of antipersonnel landmines.[19] In February 2002, a Croat in the town of Travnik, who had returned there a few days before, was seriously injured by a mine. The Office of the High Representative stated that “if this was a return-related incident, we strongly condemn it, and that is why we are for a fast and efficient investigation.”[20] On 20 February 2002, unknown people mined the house of the former police crime department head in Bileca, in the southeast of Republika Srpska.[21]
Caches of munitions including mines have been discovered. In October 2001, the international Stabilization Force found two illegal weapons caches, including antitank mines, in underground bunkers near the east Bosnian town of Han Pijesak.[22] Other caches of mines and munitions were found in southeastern Bosnia, near Kopaci, in March 2002 and near Doboj in April 2002.[23] In July 2002, it was reported in the press that “significantly more weapons and ammunition” were collected by SFOR “this year as compared to last year.... This year, Bosnians have turned in 18,666 hand grenades, 2,826 mines, 4,893 small arms....”[24]
The BHMAC has described BiH as probably the most heavily mined country in Europe following extensive use of landmines, especially antipersonnel mines, during the 1991-1995 war. A considerable quantity of unexploded ordnance (UXO) also affects the country.[25] The BHMAC described the situation as “a threat which is generally low density and random in nature. The total area potentially affected is in the order of 4,000 square kilometers and the bulk of it still requires survey in order to determine the finite extent of the problem.”[26]
By 30 April 2002, BHMAC had recorded 18,228 minefields. However, it estimates the probable total number to be 30,000, containing approximately one million mines.[27] BHMAC also estimates that two million items of UXO are still unlocated.[28]
BHMAC explains that there has been no complete national survey, and these records refer only to known minefields. More minefields are being discovered from better reporting and from clearance activity. In the middle and southern part of BiH, most mines were randomly laid by soldiers not trained for orderly laying of mines and accurate record-keeping; many of the minefield records are therefore nonexistent or useless. BHMAC has received no minefield reports from the Serb army for the areas around Sarajevo and Gorazde.[30]
The amount of land surveyed increased in 2001, although it was previously reported that survey teams were reduced due to lack of funding. In 2001, 73,475,085 square meters of land were covered by survey, bringing the total area surveyed since 1998 to 212,000,000 square meters.[31] In 2000, 70,697,945 square meters were surveyed. In 1999, only 573,299 square meters were surveyed due to concentration on testing and demining.[32] BHMAC has confirmed that these data refer to both general survey and technical survey; BHMAC has not recorded separate statistics for each.[33]
The Mine Action Center in the Federation entity reported that during 2001 a significant innovation was introduced, the systematic survey, to determine the position, size and borders of mine suspected locations, and their level of risk and impact on the population. This was implemented because existing data is not precise enough to plan mine action of good quality and secure funding for it.[34]
The Survey Action Center (SAC) mission to BiH in 2000 was reviewed in the Landmine Monitor Report 2001. SAC recommended major revisions to information management systems, a Landmine Impact Survey, and conversion to the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) database system. Mine Action Center staff were unwilling to change information management practices substantially or conduct a Landmine Impact Survey. Instead, a consultant reviewed existing systems and made recommendations in a report, A Study of the Information Management Needs of the BiH Mine Action Centre, dated 21 May 2001.[35] BHMAC stated in April 2002 that it will retain its existing information management system but make it XML- and IMSMA-compatible. It will be linked with, though not made part of, the Geographic Information System.[36]
However, international donors directed that the recommended Landmine Impact Survey should go ahead. At the Board of Donors meeting on 20 March 2002, the US representative said, “With funds channeled through the ITF, the United States and the European Union have agreed to fund a Landmine Impact Survey, using the Survey Action Center as the implementing partner.” [37] SAC carried out an advance survey mission in early 2002. The SAC will contract with Handicap International, Cranfield University and Geo-Spatial to conduct the survey and follow-on planning. The survey will begin in November 2002 and should take approximately 8-10 months, with a report issued within a year from the start of the survey itself.[38]
At the national level, the new demining law establishes the BiH Demining Commission as the central body for demining activities, with responsibility for implementing the long-term task of mine clearance in BiH. The Commission is located within the Ministry of Civil Affairs and Communication, and is responsible to this ministry for its work. The BiH Mine Action Center is the technical service of the Demining Commission, established by the BiH Council of Ministers. BHMAC will have offices in Banja Luka and Sarajevo. At the international level, the Board of Donors has the function of supporting the work of the Demining Commission and BHMAC. The new law states that the Board of Donors will consist of the UN Development Program (UNDP), the Office of the High Representative (OHR), and other donor representatives.[39]
The Demining Law also regulates the implementation of demining operations in accordance with the mine action plan approved by the Commission in cooperation with the Board of Donors. BHMAC is responsible for formulating and proposing the mine action plan, which must be approved by the Council of Ministers. A Tender Commission will be appointed by the Demining Commission to regulate the tender process and ensure that it is transparent. The new law regulates working conditions for deminers, including working hours per day and rest between shifts. BHMAC will accredit deminers, who must be trained in accordance with BiH standards.[40]
A draft “Demining Strategy Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Year of 2010” was presented to the Board of Donors on 20 March 2002. The strategy aims to complete demining of first priority land by 2010. The draft Strategy states that to realize these aims by 2010, the cost will be KM657,500,000 (US$313 million) or €333 million.[41] In 2002, 5.5 percent of demining expenditure will be provided from the State and Entity budgets. In 2003, it is planned that this will increase to 10 percent, and every following year increase by 5 percent so that by 2009 BiH will be funding 40 percent of the cost of demining in total. After 2010, this will increase to 70 percent.[42]
The draft plan remains under discussion. Final approval is dependent on the Landmine Impact Survey.[43]
In addition to the BHMAC, there are Entity Mine Action Centers (EMACs) – the Federation MAC (FMAC) and the Republika Srpska MAC (RSMAC).[44] The BHMAC workplan for 2002 includes prioritization of 1,055 tasks for general survey (FMAC 700, RSMAC 355), general surveying of 1,500 locations (FMAC 1,000, RSMAC 500) and 900 demining projects (FMAC 600, RSMAC 300). A general survey will also be performed on 34 million square meters of risk area (FMAC 26 million square meters, RSMAC 8 million) and on 51 million square meters without obvious risk (FMAC 34 million square meters, RSMAC 17 million) making a total of 85 million square meters of general surveyed area.[45]
Funding of mine action in BiH has been primarily channeled through the UNDP or the International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance (ITF). Some of contributions are directed to mine action operations (predominantly demining), while some were channeled via UNDP for support to the three Mine Action Centers. The government has made an in-kind contribution to mine clearance by payment of salaries of Entity Army demining teams and tax exemption for demining organizations.
[47] Funding in 2001 totaled $16.6 million, while the UNDP estimated that approximately $23 million per year was needed for demining activities in BiH and an additional $3 million to maintain the Mine Action Centers.[48] The funding crisis for the MACs has apparently stabilized. The UNDP project in BiH ends in mid-2003, by which time it is expected that the government will cover all staff costs for the MACs, with international donors funding only the operational costs of demining.[49]
In February 2002, the UNDP confirmed that the total amount of planned funding for the Mine Action Centers via the UNDP for the two-year period July 2001 - June 2003 is $3,058,503, with contributions by Canada, Slovenia, Sweden, UK, and the US (all via the ITF) and directly to UNDP from Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, South Korea[50]
The International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance, set up by Slovenia, is a favored funding vehicle for international donors, as donations received by the ITF are doubled by US matching funds before being distributed to countries in South Eastern Europe.
Funding of mine action in BiH by the ITF declined in 2001. The ITF allocated $8,305,216 to mine action in BiH in 2001 (representing 32.5 percent of its funding of mine action in South East Europe).[51] This is a decrease from the previous year ($11,115,576 or 52 percent of ITF spending). In 2002, it is planned to allocate 28.6 percent of ITF funds to BiH.[52]
In 2001, 17 percent of the ITF allocation to BiH was directed to UNDP for support of the MACs (stated by the ITF to be $1,382,041). Demining received 76 percent (87 percent in 2000), rehabilitation received 5 percent and other mine victim assistance programs 2 percent (compared to 13 percent on all victim assistance in 2000).[53]
The United States in fiscal year 2001 contributed $5,160,600 to mine action in BiH, all via the ITF.[54] For calendar year 2002, planned US contributions total $5,245,000. Of this, $3.2 million is designated for commercial and NGO mine clearance, and nearly $1.2 million for victim assistance. The US also plans to support a regional dog training and operations center in BiH in 2002.[55]
Canada contributed Can$1,708,643 ($1,106,159) for various programs and periods in BiH in 2001, including Can$522,000 ($337,938) for mine clearance (by the entity armies, and the Akcija Protiv Mine and Norwegian People’s Aid), Can$119,175 ($77,153) for mine detection dog training, Can$472,708 ($306,026) for two victim assistance programs, and Can$570,100 ($369,077) via the UNDP to support the Mine Action Centers. For 2002, Canada budgeted Can$914,607 ($592,107), including Can$172,502 ($111,675) for mine clearance, Can$253,637 ($164,202) for mine detection dog training, Can$177,000 ($114,588) for two victim assistance programs, and Can$290,000 ($187,743) via UNDP to support the Mine Action Centers. All Canadian funding is channeled through the ITF, which deducts an administration fee from the annual totals.[56]
Italy provided €224,142 ($201,279) for UN International Children’s Fund (UNICEF) mine awareness programs and €245,160 ($220,154) for mine clearance carried out by the Italian NGO Intersos.[57]
Norway provided NOK14,469,179 ($1,721,325) to Norwegian People’s Aid for manual mine clearance and NOK4,746,525 ($564,670) for mechanical clearance, both through the ITF. Additionally NOK500,000 ($59,482) was donated to the MAC structure through UNDP.[58]
Austria funded the International Committee of the Red Cross in BiH with ATS1,888,696 ($123,710).[59]
According to the BHMAC database, in 2001 a total of 5,545,005 square meters of land were cleared, and 3,113 mines and 2,675 items of UXO were found and destroyed.[60] BHMAC reports that in 2000, a total of 7,111,000 square meters of land was cleared, with 5,797 mines and 3,408 UXO found and destroyed.[61]
According to a member of the Demining Commission, “At present BiH is using only 30 percent of its demining capacity. The country has a capacity of 2,000 deminers, but only 600 of them are presently engaged, and they are not even 100 percent engaged.”[62]
Analysis of the clearance organizations responsible reveals that 49 percent was cleared by commercial companies, 26 percent by NGOs, 16 percent by Entity Armies and 9 percent by civil protection forces. Compared with 2000, commercial companies cleared less in 2001, and all others cleared larger proportions. There were 44 mine clearance organizations accredited to work in BiH in 2001 (32 in 2000).[63]
Housing accounted for the greatest proportion of land cleared in 2001 (51 percent compared with 47 percent in 2000), agriculture for a smaller proportion (15 percent compared with 20 percent in 2000), and electric power for a lower proportion (7 percent compared with 17 percent in 2000).[64]
The aggregate amount of land reported cleared in 2001 by the two Entities is 5,964,385 square meters, or 419,380 square meters more than the figure provided by BHMAC.
In this entity, the target for mine clearance in 2001 was 10 million square meters; the actual achievement was 4,425,189 square meters. On 246 demining sites (including 418 houses), a total of 2,529 antipersonnel mines, 73 antitank mines, and 2,246 items of UXO were found and destroyed. Clearance achievements were similar in 2000.[65]
The Federation Mine Action Center reported that its army demining unit, with 19 teams at 16 demining sites, cleared 765,270 square meters in 2001, exceeding its target of 670,000 square meters.[66] In 2001, civil protection forces in the Federation cleared 358,147 square meters.[67]
The RSMAC reported that in 2001 a total of 1,539,196 square meters of land was demined in 112 tasks, with 147 houses cleared, and 528 antipersonnel mines, 106 antitank mines and 397 UXO found.[68] The RSMAC reported that the RS army demined 188,759 square meters in 19 demining tasks in 2001, with five houses cleared, 183 antipersonnel mines, no antitank mines and 88 UXO found.[69] In 2001, civil protection forces in Republika Srpska cleared 121,079 square meters.[70]
The total area reported cleared by ITF-funded NGOs and commercial companies in BiH in 2001 was 3,001,837 square meters, during which 1,875 mines and 896 UXO were destroyed. This compares to 3.9 million square meters cleared in 2000.[71] NGO demining operations accounted for 1,197,404 square meters of the 2001 total.[72] In 2001, there were 26 commercial demining companies accredited to work in BiH.
Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) has carried out mine/UXO clearance and other mine action projects in BiH since 1996. In 1997, NPA teams moved to Sarajevo canton. In 2001-2002, NPA teams re-focused on more rural areas, with some work continuing in suburban parts of Sarajevo. Although most minefields in BiH are low-density, there is a high-density minefield on the outskirts of Sarajevo on which NPA has been working. This has an area of 3,113 square meters and contains 889 antipersonnel mines; in one particularly intensive day, NPA located 194 mines here. NPA has introduced new task impact assessment procedures, which include socio-economic evaluation of mine clearance carried out (described as Level 4 survey). NPA employs 167 people in its mine action programs in BiH, including six platoons of manual deminers, a mine detection dog project, a small mechanical demining team, and EOD, technical survey and medical teams. It also carries out mine risk education and is involved in research programs into mine clearance.[73]
The Italian NGO, Intersos, has undertaken to clear 40,000 square meters of the Famos industrial complex in Hrasnica, Sarajevo canton, from January to December 2002. This land is highly contaminated with low metal content PMA-3 mines and the ground contains ferrous material, making location of mines with metal detectors very difficult. Clearance is almost wholly manual, and local deminers are involved.[74]
The Canadian International Demining Corps has since 1999 trained and supplied 40 mine detection dogs and their Bosnian handlers for deployment in mine clearance operations throughout Bosnia. Thirty-four dogs are accredited and operational as of mid-2002.[75]
There was no national policy on mine risk education in BiH through 2001, but it is included in the 10-year national plan of mine action.[76] Mine risk education in BiH has been carried out by international organizations, mainly the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), UNDP, UNICEF, foreign and national NGOs and aid organizations, entity/cantonal ministries of education, entity Red Cross organizations, SFOR, BHMAC, and the Entity Mine Action Centers.
BHMAC has a coordinating role, responsible for training and standards, while the EMACs are responsible for mine risk education in their areas, including training. A meeting and training course organized by BHMAC in 2001 identified the lack of uniform approach as a problem for mine risk education in BiH.[77] The BHMAC course identified the future challenge as improving and strengthening the present structure, coordinating more efficiently and integrating into a uniform system, while taking into account the funding available.[78]
All primary schools in BiH are supposed to conduct six mine risk education lessons each school year, but this depends on the location of each school and other factors such as recognition of the need and an overloaded school curriculum.[79]
RSMAC. In 2001, the mine awareness section in RSMAC did 45 presentations in schools and small communities, attended by 1,770 people, including returnees. The RSMAC mine risk education working group met eight times in 2001. A four-day training course for instructors was held in Jahorina in May 2001; 25 people attended, mainly scouts and mountaineers. UNDP, Handicap International, and the ICRC supported the training financially. A four-day course for the police took place in December 2001 in Banja Luka, with 31 policeman from both Entities attending. They were trained to conduct mine risk education programs in elementary and high schools. In 2001, 147 newspaper articles on mine awareness were published in the daily and weekly newspapers in Republika Srpska.[80]
FMAC. In 2001, there were eight meetings of the mine risk education coordination group in the Federation. Activities included the mine risk education of 2,695 people from high risk areas, distribution of material through the UNDP mine risk education campaign (18,469 posters, 200 leaflets, 160,390 schedules for children, 46,033 badges, 1,656 T-shirts, 18,106 notebooks), a 5-day course for instructors from mountain associations, and 338 lectures by 10 FMAC instructors.[81]
UNICEF. The mine risk education activities described in the previous Landmine Monitor continued in 2001. UNICEF’s general objectives for 2002-2004 are capacity-building within the BiH government and communities to prevent children becoming casualties of mine incidents and strengthen coordination of mine action programs. As part of this, major activities will be support of local initiatives and innovative approaches on how to live with mines, and developing a community action kit with tools for community prevention of mine injuries with training of selected communities on how to use the kits.[82] The overall budget for this three- year project was $445,000.[83]
ICRC.[84] The ICRC, in close cooperation with Red Cross organizations in both entities, continues to carry out mine- and UXO- risk education activities countrywide. Community-based activities are implemented through a countrywide network of trained Red Cross mine risk education instructors targeting high-risk groups of local residents (farmers, hunters, fishermen, woodcutters and others), returnees, internally displaced people, and children. The ICRC has also focused on building up the capacity of Republika Srpska to respond adequately to the needs of affected communities. In 2001, over 4,000 presentations and about 5,600 group discussions, involving 96 instructors, were organized for some 107,000 participants.
The ICRC also has a data-gathering function in BiH. By working at community level it continues to collect data on mine/UXO casualties, and the statistics are help to shape the ICRC’s mine action policies. The statistics are published and shared with other organizations working on mine awareness, victim assistance, demining, and the return process.
The Local Initiative program is designed to support initiatives originating at the grassroots level and encourage community members to help find answers to the mine/UXO problem. Some projects are entirely conceived and implemented by local Red Cross branches, such as the simulated minefield organized in Tuzla. Other local initiatives involved simple leaflets with messages specific to mines/UXO in the area and safe behavior, in Kupres, Modrica and Vukosavlje municipalities.
Mine risk education work with returnees has increased as the return process has gathered pace, including cross-entity sharing of information and cooperation, joint presentations and discussions on mine-related issues in the Gorazde, Tuzla, Doboj, Zenica and Birac areaa. Presentations were organized for returnees in all 29 tent settlements in the Gorazde area.
Red Cross Youth associations organized training for their members in Trebinje region, Una-Sana and Sarajevo cantons. Youth activists performed the mine awareness play “Little Red Riding Hood” throughout Una-Sana canton. For children with special needs, video tapes of the play, comic books on mine awareness and audio tapes were delivered to 23 schools for children with special needs.
In secondary schools the ICRC has introduced a mine risk education program as an out-of-school activity, with much support from the entity-level ministries of education. In the Federation, four training seminars were organized in September and October 2001 targeting secondary school teachers from the cantons of Sarajevo, Gorazde, Herceg-Bosna, Zenica-Doboj, and Tuzla. In Republika Srpska, at the ICRC’s initiative, teachers in five secondary schools introduced questionnaires on mine danger into the classroom.
UNDP.[85] Evaluation of mine risk education effectiveness from 27 April to mid-September 2001 found a “measured increase in the level of awareness of the dangers posed by mines and UXO in the target population in both BiH entities as a direct result of the media campaign.” Additionally, the independent assessment detected “a clear increase in the level of knowledge of the prescribed mine safe behaviors in the target population” and concluded, “the UNDP mine and UXO awareness campaign was effective and successful.”
For 2002, the UNDP considered two mine risk education initiatives: a two-month extension of the 2001 media campaign, re-broadcasting animated short films and printing a limited number of support materials for schoolchildren, and co-sponsoring the mine awareness seminar for journalists in March.
Other.[86] In 2001-2002, several other organizations were involved in mine risk education activities, including:
In 2001, reported landmine/UXO explosions killed 32 people and injured 55 others, including 12 children, representing a decrease from the 100 new casualties reported in 2000. Of the new casualties, 84 were civilians. On 2 April 2001, a landmine explosion near the southwestern town of Prozor killed a French soldier serving with SFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina, during a reconnaissance operation.[87]
Landmines and UXO continued to claim casualties in 2002, with 15 civilians killed and 19 injured up to 10 May 2002.[88]
The ICRC, working at the community level throughout the country, continues to collect data and provide up-to-date information on landmine and UXO incidents. As of 10 May 2002, the ICRC database contained information on 4,733 individuals killed or injured by landmines or UXO.[89] The database is continuously updated from field reports, and in some instances information is collected on casualties that occurred in prior years that were not previously recorded.[90] Based on the ICRC statistics, between 1996 and 2002 the mine incident rate fell from an average of 52 casualties per month to just over seven casualties per month.
The statistics indicate that local residents of mine-affected areas, rather than internally displaced persons or returning refugees, continue to record the highest number of incidents, and rural males aged 20-40 years are most likely to fall victim to mines, as they practice high-risk behavior. The population is, in many cases, aware of the existence of mines and the danger they pose, but all do not practice safe behavior mainly due to the economic necessity of cultivating the land, although other factors also come into play. Of the casualties reported in 2001, 35.6 percent had knowledge of the danger of mines.[91]
Seasonal variations indicate that the highest risk for the population is March to May, July and August, which are the months of peak agricultural activity. The majority of casualties were injured while farming (rural males), incurring the risk pursuing activities out of economic need.[92]
The ICRC’s ongoing data collection also indicates that children, despite preventive measures, continue to fall victim to landmines and UXO in BiH. Children under the age of 18 accounted for 13.8 percent of new casualties reported in 2001.
The government of BiH, and the international community, continue to work towards alleviating the medical and socio-economic obstacles faced by landmine survivors, nevertheless, no overall coordination exists. In general, mine survivors continue to be neglected and their needs and problems are not tackled in a systematic way. The existing assistance programs are conducted in isolation, and coordination occurs only on a bilateral basis, which does not always avoid duplication of efforts.[94]
As reported last year, the Strategic Framework for survivor assistance was intended to have political and technical/operational levels.[95] However, by February 2002 no progress had been made on implementing the plan and no reasons have been given for this lack of progress.[96] The ICRC and NGOs are not involved in the process of implementing the Strategic Framework.[97]
There are more than 20 general hospitals in BiH, and every municipality has a public health center. CBR centers provide some physical and psychological rehabilitation. A few hospitals and public health centers also provide some physical therapy and rehabilitation. In addition, six rehabilitation centers in BiH, offer special hydrotherapy treatment for persons with disabilities.[98] State-run social welfare centers are located in each municipality and can assist landmine survivors at the local level. However, their capacities to assist are limited.[99]
Under the War Victims Rehabilitation Project, the World Bank supported the opening of the community based rehabilitation centers (CBR) in BiH. The project, completed in December 1999 at a cost of $30 million, included the rehabilitation of facilities and provision of equipment, essential drugs and supplies, training and technical assistance for physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and psycho-social rehabilitation.[100] There are 38 CBR centers in FBiH, and six centers in RS. Queen’s University provided training for staff in the centers. The Japanese Government donated US$8 million worth of equipment to the RS Ministry of Health to facilitate the opening of 17 more CBRs in the RS in the near future.[101] The preconditions set are that the centers must have “a minimum of 200m2 space, one doctor-specialist in physiotherapy, two nurses, two physiotherapists/technicians, a sufficient number of potential patients, and a financial calculation for self-sustainability.”[102]
In BiH, there are 15 prosthetic centers, distributed across the Federation and Republika Srpska, where landmine amputees can receive assistance. The average distance between amputees and a limb-fitting center is 100-150 kilometers.[103] Since 2001, all the centers use imported prostheses components of very good quality from Otto Bock, one of the leading producers of orthopedic material in the world. The company has an office in Sarajevo, and according to LSN, about 60 percent of amputees are satisfied with the quality of their prosthesis. Only one workshop in Ilidza is producing wheelchairs. Crutches and special pressure-support pillows have to be imported from abroad.[104]
The War Victims Rehabilitation Project also included a component for the supply, production and maintenance of quality prostheses and orthoses. However, one of the centers supported by the project, the Tuzla Prosthetics Centre, has now stopped production.[105] Nevertheless, a study conducted in July and August 2001 suggested that with adequate resources, good quality prostheses can be fitted by competent prosthetists in a reasonable period of time.[106]
The ITF provided US$656,850 for mine victim assistance in BiH in 2001.[107] This represents about 2.3 percent of the total ITF funding for 2001. Donors included Austria, Canada, Denmark, Luxembourg, Slovenia, and the US. During the year, 44 mine survivors from BiH were treated at the Slovenian Rehabilitation Institute. The ITF also organized rehabilitation holidays, in June 2001, for 15 child mine survivors from BiH, at the Youth Health Resort at Debelirtic on the Slovenian coast.[108]
Five international organizations continue to provide specific assistance to mine survivors in BiH: the ICRC, International Rescue Committee (IRC), Jesuit Refugee Service (JRS), Landmine Survivors Network (LSN) and Queen’s University.
The ICRC provides assistance through the Red Cross network in BiH. Information collected on mine/UXO casualties is often used by potential donors and project implementers to make direct connections with qualified mine survivors to run their projects in a region.[109]
In mid-2001, a donation from the Japanese Red Cross enabled assistance to be given to mine survivors with the greatest need in RS. The precise needs of the mine survivors were identified by mine awareness instructors and assistance provided through the Red Cross network. Twenty-eight people benefited from this ad hoc assistance that helped them to be more self-sufficient; for example, assistance included house repairs, provision of farm animals, five amputees received prostheses, and 1,400 socks for stump protection were distributed.[110]
In another project, through contact between the ICRC and representatives from Whittier College, California, and an American Red Cross branch around 1,000 “friendship boxes” were distributed to child mine survivors in BiH.[111]
The JRS in BiH is running two programs: a mine survivors assistance program for children, and another program for elderly mine survivors. The program for children provides medical assistance, rehabilitation, material, psychosocial and legal support. Based in Sarajevo, the program assists child mine survivors all over BiH. In 2001, 173 children benefited from the program which included 916 home visits, 34 prostheses, and a summer camp for 27 children. The program for elderly mine survivors, covers the Sarajevo canton, Middle Bosnia, Una Sana and Banja Luka Region, assisted 32 people in 2001 by providing medicines, prostheses and rehabilitation assistance. The programs are funded by RENOVABIS (Germany), CORDAID and JRS.[112]
There are no State-run programs for vocational rehabilitation; such programs are implemented through NGOs working with persons with disabilities. The International Rescue Committee (IRC) runs a vocational training program in Banja Luka, and organizes seminars for mine survivors. In Mostar, the IRC is assisting mine survivors with prostheses, supporting sporting programs for persons with disabilities, and the running of small businesses.[113]
In 2001, LSN continued its work with community-based outreach workers, who are also amputees, to assist individual survivors. The program, which works in 11 different mine-affected regions in BiH, is expanding to new areas next year. The program assesses survivors’ needs, offers psychological and social support, and educates families about the effects of limb loss. LSN links individual survivors and their families to existing services and tracks progress toward recovery and reintegration. LSN also provides direct material support to survivors through covering the cost of prostheses, vocational training, house repairs or emergency food aid, if necessary. LSN publishes a national directory of organizations used in linking survivors to rehabilitative services in BiH. The directory is also available on the Internet.[114] LSN works closely with survivors, and local and international organizations to protect the human rights of all persons with disabilities, and to promote equal access to community activities, education, employment and physical recreation, such as hosting annual sitting volleyball and sitting basketball tournaments. In 2001, 1000 people received assistance, of which about 90 percent were mine survivors.[115]
Through the Ministry of Veterans Affairs, military mine survivors have the right of a free prosthesis every third year, free health care and insurance, free treatment in special rehabilitation centers, and receive compensation for their disability.[116] However, civilian mine survivors must pay for their own health care or insurance, and receive much lower, and more irregular, compensation for their injuries. Civilians must pay a part of the total cost of their prosthesis which can cost between 3,000 and 5,000 KM ($2,381). In FBiH, civilians pay 15 percent of the total cost, whereas in RS, it is 10 percent. In Una-Sana canton, prostheses are free for civilians, and in Central Bosnia canton the price is fixed at 1,000 KM ($47). In Tuzla canton, civilian mine survivors must pay 100 percent of the total cost.[117] The costs are prohibitive for many in a country where the average wage is $880 per year.[118]
Although detailed statistics are not available, it would appear that a significant number of survivors have been blinded by landmines. For example, 57 survivors are registered with the Banja Luka Association for the Blind. However, little is being done to address the needs of blind survivors. It has been reported that there are only two guide dogs in BiH.[119]
Sixty-one NGOs, including local associations, assist persons with disabilities in BiH.[120] For example, in the FBiH, there are 18 sitting volley-ball clubs in two divisions (I – 10 clubs and II – eight clubs). In RS, there are six sitting volley-ball clubs competing in tournaments. In August 2001, BiH were European Champions in sitting volley-ball for men, for the second time. FBiH has seven men’s wheelchair basketball clubs and one women’s club and in RS, there are two men’s clubs. FBiH also has three athletic clubs for persons with disabilities and several small football clubs.[121]
According to the LSN database, around 200 mine/UXO survivors, out of 897, do not need any support (i.e., 22 percent are psychologically and physically well, and self sustainable). The other 78 percent of survivors registered in the database need continuous follow-up and support.[122]
Three State laws regulate the rights of persons with disabilities.[123] In the FBiH, once a law has been adopted at entity level the cantons must then adopt their own laws; therefore the situation varies from canton to canton. Only Tuzla canton, Bihac canton, and Central Bosnia canton have developed such laws. The reason for the delay is that State law considers that centers for social welfare should take care of persons with disabilities, including payment for having a disability. But the status and funding of these centers has not been clearly defined, with the result that disability pensions have not been paid for one or more years. In RS, which does not have the cantonal system, there is a delay of four months in paying disability pensions.[124] LSN, and some mine survivors, are urging the centers for social welfare to do more with regard to supporting civilian mine survivors. However, the Centers claim that they have many categories of clients to take care of and too few resources to deal with them all.[125]
| <BOLIVIA | BOTSWANA> |
[1] Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) consists of two “Entities,” the Federation of BiH (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS).
[2] Article 7 Report, Form A, 20 May 2002.
[3] Interview with Dragisa Stankovic and Franjo Markota, members of the Demining Commission, Sarajevo, 31 January 2002. In its April 2002 report to the OSCE, BiH said, “It is expected that the Ministry for Civil Affairs and Communications will finalize a draft Law in a near future.”
[4] Interview with Zoran Grujic, Assistant Director of Information, BHMAC, Sarajevo, 13 December 2001.
[5] Article 7 Report, Form A, 20 May 2002.
[6] “The High Representative Appeals for Urgent Passage of State/Level Demining Legislation,” Press Release, Office of the High Representative, Sarajevo, 5 February 2002.
[7] This Article 7 Report covers the period from January 1996 to 30 April 2002. BiH’s initial Article 7 Report was submitted on 1 February 2000, for the period 8 March 1999 to 1 February 2000, and its second Article 7 Report was submitted on 1 September 2001, for the period January 1996 to 1 September 2001.
[8] Telephone interview with Amira Aripovic, Department for Peace and Security, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Sarajevo, 30 April 2002.
[9] Article 7 Report, Form E, 1 February 2000. For details of past production, see Landmine Monitor Report 1999, pp. 553-554.
[10] Article 7 Reports, Form E, 1 September 2001 and 20 May 2002.
[11] Interview with Dragisa Stankovic and Franjo Markota, members of the Demining Commission, Sarajevo, 31 January 2002.
[12] Letter from Brig. Haso Ribo, Federation Ministry of Defense, 21 April 2000.
[13] Interview with Jusuf Hubjer, Director, Unis-Ginex, Gorazde, 25 January 2002.
[14] Article 7 Report, Form G.1, 1 February 2000. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 590-591.
[15] Article 7 Reports, Forms F, 1 September 2001 and 20 May 2002.
[16] However, the subtotals reported for each type of mine add up to 2,145. Article 7 Report, Form D, February 2000.
[17] Article 7 Reports, Forms D, February 2000, 1 September 2001 and 20 May 2002.
[18] Interview with Zoran Grujic, Assistant Director of Information, BHMAC, Sarajevo, 13 December 2001. He explained the first Article 7 Report was written by a technical advisor to the previous Demining Commission. When a BHMAC official prepared the later Article 7 Reports, the records of the previous Commission were not made available.
[19] Interview with Zoran Grujic, Assistant Information Director, BHMAC, Sarajevo, 13 December 2001; email from Bojan Vukovic, Mine Risk Education Officer, RSMAC, 29 January 2002.
[20] “Daily Media Monitoring Summary, Wednesday, 20 February 2002,” UN Mission in BiH.
[21] Ibid.
[22] “More Illegal Weapons Found,” Kathimerini (Greek newespaper, English-language internet edition), 31 October 2001; “Bosnia: Monthly Report to the United Nations on the Operations of the Stabilization Force,” UN Security Council, 4 January 2002, www.reliefweb.int, accessed on 18 February 2002.
[23] “NATO Finds Illegal Munitions in Southeastern Bosnia,” Kathimerini (Greek newespaper, English-language internet edition), 14 March 2002; “Crates of Mines, Other Explosives Found in Bosnia;” European Stars and Stripes, 20 April 2002.
[24] “Bosnians Hand in More Weapons to Collection Program,” Kathimerini (English-language Greek newspaper, internet edition), 17 July 2002.
[25] For a full description of the landmine problem, see “Mine Situation in BiH,” www.bhmac.org, and “The Mine Problem,” www.bhmac.org/fed/opis.htm.
[26] BHMAC, “BHMAC Mine Action 2002,” January 2002, p. 2.
[27] Article 7 Report, Form C, 20 April 2002; BHMAC database
www.bhmac.org/bhmac/info/statistics/statistics_e.htm, accessed on 4 January 2002. The estimate of one million mines is based upon 307,000 records in the BHMAC database of mines planted by the Entity Armies. It is estimated the Armies laid 700,000 mines and an estimated 300,000 mines were laid by civilians without any reporting. “BHMAC Mine Action 2002,” January 2002.
[28] Interview with Zoran Grujic, Assistant Director of Information, BHMAC, Sarajevo, 21 February 2002.
[29] Article 7 Reports, Forms C, 1 February 2000, 1 September 2001, and 20 May 2002; interview with Filip Filopovic, Director, BHMAC, 8 March 2001.
[30] Interview with Ahdin Orahovic, Director, Federation MAC, Sarajevo, 12 March 2002.
[31] “BiH Clearance-Survey Data: Surveyed Area 2001 Correct at 01 January 2002,” www.bhmac.org/bhmac/info/statistics/ accessed 19 February 2002; interview with Zoran Grujic, Assistant Director of Information, BHMAC 15 February 2002. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 634.
[32] “BiH Clearance-Survey Data: Surveyed Area 2000;” interview with Zoran Grujic, Assistant Director of Information, BHMAC, 13 December 2001.
[33] Interview with Zoran Grujic, Assistant Director of Information, BHMAC, Sarajesvo, 4 June 2002.
[34] “Report for the Year 2001. FMAC, Sarajevo, January 2002,” pp. 3, 13-14, provided by Ahdin Orahovac, Director, Federation Mine Action Center, 12 March 2002.
[35] Interview with David Rowe, Program Manager and Strategic Advisor, BHMAC, Sarajevo, 13 February 2002. The report is available at www.gichd.ch. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 636.
[36] Interview with Zoran Grujic, Assistant Director of Information, BHMAC, Sarajevo, 12 April 2002.
[37] “United States Statement on Demining Funding,” Board of Donors, Sarajevo, 20 March 2002, document provided by Alan Carlson, Second Secretary, US Embassy, Sarajevo.
[38] Email from Survey Action Center to Landmine Monitor (HRW), 30 July 2002.
[39] Demining Law of Bosnia and Herzegovina, published in the Official Gazette, number 5, year vi, on 12 March 2002.
[40] Ibid.
[41] Exchange rates at 29 April 2002: €1 = US$ 0.898, and at 1 April 2002: US$1 = KM2.1, used throughout.
[42] “Demining Strategy Plan for Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Year of 2010, Draft,” document provided by Ahdin Orahovac, Director, Federation MAC, Sarajevo, 22 March 2002.
[43] Interview with Zoran Grujic, Assistant Director of Information, BHMAC, Sarajevo, 4 June 2002.
[44] For details of the structure in 2001of BiH and Entity Mine Action Centers, see Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp. 626-628.
[45] “BHMAC Mine Action 2002,” January 2002.
[46] “Multi-year Recipient Report: Bosnia and Herzegovina,” UN Mine Action Service Mine Investments database, www.mineaction.org, accessed on 26 July 2002. The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) reports Canadian funding to total Can$1,708,643 ($1,106,159) in 2001 (email from Lisanne Garceau-Bedner, CIDA, to Landmine Monitor, 20 June 2002).
[47] The High Representative in October 2000 dismissed three members of the Demining Commission on charges of corruption and abuse of authority, dissolved the Commission and reconstituted it with new members.
[48] Statement by Henrik Kolstrup, UNDP Resident Representative, at the Mine Action Program of BiH Board of Donors meeting, Sarajevo, 12 March 2001, and on 29 March 2001 at a briefing session in New York: see UN press release, 30 March 2001, www.un.org/News/dh/latest/page2.html.
[49] Interview with Jusuf Tanovic, Program Officer, Mine Action Program, UNDP, Sarajevo,
16 January 2002. For details of the UNDP Trust Fund for Mine Clearance in BiH, see Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp. 631-632.
[50] Email from Jusuf Tanovic, Program Officer, Mine Action Program, UNDP, 15 February 2002.
[51] Email from Eva Veble, ITF, 12 March 2002.
[52] “Plan of ITF Activities for the Year 2002,” Newsletter No. 8, ITF, April 2002, p. 5.
[53] “Annual Report 2001,” ITF, p. 19; email from Eva Veble, ITF, to Landmine Monitor, 5 June 2002.
[54] Email from Alan Carlson, Second Secretary, US Embassy, Sarajevo, 20 March 2002.
[55] “United States Statement on Demining Funding,” Board of Donors meeting, Sarajevo, 20 March 2002.
[56] Email from Lisanne Garceau-Bedner, Canadian International Development Agency, to Landmine Monitor, 20 June 2002 (US$ equivalents as supplied by CIDA); CIDA website: www.acdi-cida.gc.ca, accessed on 27 March 2002; email from Emil Baran, Canadian Embassy, Sarajevo, 21 March 2002.
[57] “Italy 2001 Mine Clearance, Rehabilitation and Victim Assistance Programs,” document distributed at the intersessional Standing Committee meetings, Geneva, February 2002; email from Stefano Calabretta, Intersos, 13 June 2002.
[58] Email from Marie Louise Teige, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway, 23 January 2002. Exchange rate at 29 April 2002: NOK 1 = US$ 0.119, used throughout.
[59] Email from Judith Majlath, Austrian Aid for Mine Victims, 8 March 2002. Exchange rate at 29 April 2002: ATS 1 = US$ 0.0655, used throughout.
[60] BHMAC, “BiH Clearance–Survey Data 2001 Correct at 01 January 2002,” www.bhmac.org, accessed on 20 February 2002.
[61] Interview with Filip Filipovic, Director of BHMAC, Sarajevo, 8 March 2001.
[62] Interview with Dragisa Stankovic, member of the Demining Commission, Sarajevo, 8 February 2002.
[63] BHMAC, “Clearance–Survey Data 2001 Correct at 01 January 2002;” list of accredited organizations available on www.bhmac.org/bhmac/coordination/documents, accessed on 4 January 2002.
[64] BHMAC, “Clearance-Survey Data 2001.” For comparison, see Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 637; some categories of land-use have changed.
[65] “Federal Report for the year 2001,” Federal Mine Action Centre, Sarajevo, January 2002, and “Federal Report for 2000,” Federal Mine Action Centre, January 2001.
[66] Federal Mine Action Centre Bulletin, January – September 2001, p.3, and “Demining Operations Review for the Area of the Federation and D.C. Brcko of BiH in 2001,” available at www.bhmac.org/fed/s12.htm, accessed on 4 March 2002.
[67] “Demining Operations Review for the Area of the Federation and D.C. Brcko of BiH in 2001,” available at www.bhmac.org/fed/s12.htm, accessed on 4 March 2002; “Report for 2000 FMAC, Sarajevo January 2001,” document provided by Ahdin Orahovac, Director, Federation Mine Action Center, Sarajevo, 12 March 2002.
[68] Email from Bobella Stevkovic, Information Officer, RSMAC, Banja Luka, 3 June 2002.
[69] Ibid.
[70] “Demining Operations Review for the Area of the Federation and D.C. Brcko of BiH in 2001;” “Report for 2000 FMAC, Sarajevo January 2001.”
[71] “Annual Report 2001,” ITF, p. 24.
[72] Email from Eva Veble, Head of International Relations, ITF, 12 March 2002.
[73] NPA, “Bosnia and Herzegovina,” Humanitarian Mine Action 2002 (undated).
[74] Email from Stefano Calabretta, Intersos, 13 June 2002.
[75] Email from CIDC to Landmine Monitor (HRW), 30 July 2002.
[76] Interview with Nermin Hadzimujagic, Assistant Director of Coordination, BHMAC, Sarajevo, 5 March 2002.
[77] “The Mine Awareness Structure in Bih – Status And Problems,” BHMAC, FMAC and RSMAC Report on Mine Awareness Course, pp. 4-5, July 2001, provided by Nermin Hadzimujagic, Assistant Director of Coordination, BHMAC, Sarajevo, 5 March 2002.
[78] Ibid.
[79] Interviews with Vanja Bojinovic, Mine Awareness Coordinator, ICRC, Sarajevo, 2 April 2001 and 26 February 2002.
[80] Email from Bojan Vukovic, Mine Risk Education Officer, RSMAC, 29 January 2002.
[81] Interview with Ahdin Orahovac, Director of FMAC, Sarajevo, 25 February 2002.
[82] “Mine Injuries in Children. Plan of Action 2002-2004,” UNICEF, provided by Berina Arslanagic and Helena Eversole, assistant representatives, UNICEF, Sarajevo, March 2002.
[83] “Mine Injury Prevention in Bosnia and Herzegovina,” UNICEF, (undated), available at www.mineaction.org, accessed on 1 July 2002.
[84] Email from Pascal Cuttat, Head of ICRC in BiH, 7 February 2002 and meetings with Vanja Bojinovic, Mine Risk Education Coordinator, ICRC, Sarajevo, 26 February 2002.
[85] Emails from Jusuf Tanovic, Program Officer, Mine Action Program, UNDP, Sarajevo, 15 and 20 February 2002. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 645.
[86] Interview with Ahdin Orahovac, Director, Federation Mine Action Centre, Sarajevo, 25 February 2002.
[87] 2001 casualty figures from: email to Landmine Monitor from Vanja Bojinovic, ICRC Mine Awareness Coordinator for BiH, Sarajevo, 14 May 2002; April 2001 incident from: “Mine Blast Kills French Soldier,” The Independent (British daily newspaper), 5 April 2001.
[88] Email to Landmine Monitor from Vanja Bojinovic, ICRC Mine Awareness Coordinator for BiH, Sarajevo, 14 May 2002.
[89] Ibid.
[90] For example, in the Landmine Monitor Report 2001 reported casualties in 2000 were 32 killed and 60 injured. The ICRC database now registers 35 killed and 65 injured in 2000. Interview with Vanja Bojinovic, ICRC Mine Awareness Coordinator for BiH, Sarajevo, 26 February 2002.
[91] Email to Landmine Monitor from Vanja Bojinovic, ICRC Mine Awareness Coordinator for BiH, Sarajevo, 14 May 2002.
[92] “Statistics on Mine/UXO Victims,” in: Bosnia and Herzegoviona: ICRC Community-based Mine/Unexploded Ordnance Awareness Programme, International Committee of the Red Cross, 22 May 2002.
[93] Email to Landmine Monitor from Vanja Bojinovic, ICRC Mine Awareness Coordinator for BiH, Sarajevo, 14 May 2002. Data is updated to 10 May 2002.
[94] Information provided in confidence by several sources.
[95] See Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 649.
[96] Telephone interview with Dr Goran Cerkez, Federation Ministry of Health, 4 February 2002.
[97] Telephone interview with Vanja Bojinovic, ICRC Mine Awareness Coordinator for BiH, Sarajevo, 6 March 2002.
[98] Email from Plamenko Priganica, Director of Landmine Survivors Network in BiH, 25 January 2002. For more details see Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 603-604.
[99] Email from Plamenko Priganica, Director of Landmine Survivors Network in BiH, 25 January 2002.
[100] “War Victims Rehabilitation Project,” World Bank Reconstruction and Development Program in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Progress Update, May 2001, p. 41.
[101] Telephone interview with Dr Goran Cerkez, Federation Ministry of Health, 4 February 2002.
[102] Letter from RS Ministry of Health to Health Centre Trebinje, Document number 01-05-565/2001, 3 April 2001.
[103] Final Report on the MOPS Research Phase, EdaS (Elegant Design and Solutions), 9 October 2001, p. 8.
[104] Email from Plamenko Priganica, Director of Landmine Survivors Network in BiH, 25 January 2002.
[105] Final Report on the MOPS Research Phase, EdaS (Elegant Design and Solutions), 9 October 2001, p. 15.
[106] Ibid., p. 9.
[107] Email to Landmine Monitor from Eva Veble, Head of Department for International Relations, ITF, 17 May 2002.
[108] ITF, Annual Report 2001, p. 19.
[109] Email from Plamenko Priganica, Director of Landmine Survivors Network in BiH, 25 January 2002.
[110] Interview with Vanja Bojinovic, ICRC Mine Awareness Coordinator for BiH, 26 February 2002.
[111] Email from Pascal Cuttat, Head of ICRC in BiH, 7 February 2002 and meetings with Vanja Bojinovic, Mine Awareness Coordinator, ICRC, Sarajevo, 26 February 2002.
[112] Interview with Przemek Miozga, Program Director, Jesuit Refugee Service, Sarajevo, 8 March 2002; and responses to Landmine Monitor Survivor Assistance Questionnaires, 22 February 2002.
[113] Email from Plamenko Priganica, Director of Landmine Survivors Network in BiH, 25 January 2002.
[114] www.lsndatabase.org.
[115] Information from Landmine Monitor Survivor Assistance Questionnaire, completed by Plamenko Priganica, Director of Landmine Survivors Network in BiH, 11 March 2002.
[116] Email from Plamenko Priganica, Director of Landmine Survivors Network in BiH, 25 January 2002.
[117] Ibid.
[118] Final Report on the MOPS Research Phase, EdaS (Elegant Design and Solutions), 9 October 2001, p. 8.
[119] Ibid., p. 11.
[120] Interview with Dr Goran Cerkez, Federation Ministry of Health, 20 March 2001.
[121] Email from Plamenko Priganica, Director of Landmine Survivors Network in BiH, 25 January 2002.
[122] Ibid.
[123] For details see Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p. 604.
[124] Interview with Plamenko Priganica, LSN BiH Director, Tuzla, 24 March 2001.
[125] Meeting with Sacira Hidanovic, Social Worker with LSN, Trebinje, 17 January 2002.
