| <SWAZILAND | SWITZERLAND > |
Key developments since May 2001: Sweden completed the destruction of its antipersonnel mine stockpile in December 2001. Sweden is retaining 13,948 antipersonnel mines for permitted purposes, the second highest number of any State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty. Mine action funding in 2001 totaled SEK91.6 million ($8.5 million), an increase from 2000. In November 2001, Sweden finalized its new policy guidelines on mine action funding.
Sweden signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997 and ratified it on 25 November 1998, becoming a State Party on 1 May 1999. National implementation was achieved by additions to existing legislation, entering into force at the same time.[1]
Sweden submitted its annual Article 7 transparency report on 25 April 2002, covering the period from 1 April 2001 to 1 April 2002. The report includes the voluntary Form J, reporting details of mine action funding.[2]
Sweden participated in the Third Meeting of State Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in September 2001 in Managua, Nicaragua.[3] A statement was delivered by Belgium on behalf of European Union (EU) member States. Sweden also participated in the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in January and May 2002.[4] At the meetings in January 2002, the delegation reported completion of the stockpile destruction program in December 2001, and that its Claymore-type mines had been modified to be compliant with the Mine Ban Treaty.[5] At the meetings in May 2002, Sweden stated its position on the issue of States Parties assisting non-States Parties in joint military activities involving antipersonnel mines (see below).
On 7 February 2002, at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, the Swedish Foreign Minister Anna Lindh gave a speech, which included the issue of universalization of the Mine Ban Treaty. She said, “The rapid entry into force of the Ottawa Convention and its large number of States Parties has led to an international norm against the use, production, stockpiling and transfer of anti-personnel mines. But still some States continue to stay outside the framework of the Convention. I call upon those States to adhere to the Convention so that we can rid the world of anti-personnel mines.”[6]
The Ministry of Defense said that the issue of accession to the treaty is on the agenda when Swedish officials plan dialogue with countries not party to the treaty. During the Swedish Presidency of the European Union (1 January-30 June 2001) Sweden did not consider it possible to make universalization of the Mine Ban Treaty an issue, since not all Member States are parties to the treaty.[7]
On 29 November 2001, Sweden cosponsored and voted in favor of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 56/24M calling for universalization and full implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. Sweden was chief sponsor of UNGA Resolution 56/28, calling on States to adhere to Amended Protocol II to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) without delay. During its Presidency of the EU, Sweden started a process which resulted in a common EU position at the Second CCW Review Conference in Geneva in December 2001.[8]
At the Review Conference, Sweden delivered a statement stressing the challenges concerning “explosive remnants of war” (ERW) and the need for a CCW protocol on ERW. Sweden supported the CCW’s extension to internal armed conflicts, compliance mechanisms, and proposals to increase the technical regulations on antivehicle mines, noting that the “threat from mines forces humanitarian relief operations to use expensive air transports.”[9] Sweden also attended the Third Annual Conference of States Parties to CCW Amended Protocol II in December 2001, and submitted the annual report required by Article 13 of the protocol in December 2001.[10]
Early in 2002, the government prepared a comprehensive policy on issues related to mine clearance, such as humanitarian and military demining, victim assistance, mine awareness, and assistance to other States in the destruction of their stockpiles of antipersonnel mines. The aim is to assure that all state actors involved in mine action work towards the same goals and have the same vision, and to facilitate better coordination between state actors and give support and guidance in their practical work. The policy was to be presented to Parliament before June 2002.[11]
Regarding the issue of participation in joint military operations with countries not party to the Mine Ban Treaty, a policy document “Swedish position on the significance of Article 1(c) of the Ottawa Convention as regards participation in international peace operations” was published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in September 2001.[12] Article 1(c) says that States Parties undertake never under any circumstances to “assist, encourage or induce, in any way, anyone to engage in any activity prohibited” by the treaty.
The Swedish policy document states, “Article 1(c) ought not to be interpreted so that any kind of participation in a joint military operation with a non-party would be considered as an encouragement to activities under the Ottawa Convention.” Sweden believes that Article 1(c) is intended “to prevent active participation in activities prohibited by the Convention.”[13]
The document states that Sweden will decide to participate in joint operations with States not party to the treaty on a case-by-case basis. In the event of participation on a bilateral basis in joint operations with States not party to the Mine Ban Treaty, “Sweden will bring its obligations under the [treaty] to the attention to the other State.”[14]
In February 2002, Foreign Minister Anna Lindh told Parliament: “Our cooperation in a joint military operation in which one of the participating states uses antipersonnel mines could be considered a violation of the spirit of the convention if we not in all ways counteracted the use of antipersonnel mines.”[15]
At the Standing Committee meeting on 1 February 2002, Sweden summarized its position on this issue, noting that mere participation in a joint military operation with a non-State Party using antipersonnel mines would not be a violation of the Mine Ban Treaty. However, Sweden would “do its utmost” to prevent use of antipersonnel mines by others.[16]
Sweden is not a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), but does currently participate in joint peacekeeping operations with States that are not party to the Mine Ban Treaty.
On 19 December 2001, the Defence Material Administration reported that destruction of all stockpiled antipersonnel mines had been completed, in accordance with Parliament’s decision in 1996, with the exception of mines retained for permitted purposes.[17] National legislation preceding the Mine Ban Treaty obliged destruction of all antipersonnel mines by the end of 2001, earlier than the treaty deadline of 1 May 2003.
The most recent Article 7 Report confirms completion of stockpile destruction, and reports that 2,348,149 antipersonnel mines were destroyed after entry into force on 1 May 1999. This included a final 13,080 Truppmina 10 mines from April-December 2001.[18] The total number of antipersonnel mines destroyed by Sweden is not known, because the size of Sweden’s stockpile when the destruction program began in 1998 has not been reported; from partial data, Landmine Monitor has previously estimated the initial stockpile at 3.2 million antipersonnel mines.[19]
The destruction sites, methodology (dismantling), safety, and environmental standards are noted in the Article 7 Report. At least 90 percent of explosives have been recovered, and burning of waste was carried out in accordance with EU directives.[20]
In its April 2002 Article 7 Report, Sweden reports that it is retaining 13,948 antipersonnel mines, including 13,530 Swedish mines and 418 foreign mines.[21] It is the second highest number of mines retained by any State Party. It includes 4,000 mines that Sweden did not report last year among the mines it intended to retain.[22]
Sweden reports retaining: 9,030 Truppmina 49B mines;[23] 4,500 Truppmina 10 mines; 100 PMA 2 mines; 96 PMR 2A mines; 88 PMA 1 mines; 85 MRUD mines; 39 PMA 3 mines; and 10 PROM 1 mines.[24]
Before deciding how many antipersonnel mines to retain, the Armed Forces, in cooperation with public authorities such as the Swedish Rescue Services Agency, the Total Defence Research Establishment, and the Defence Material Administration, analyzed the need for mine clearance activities (education, research, testing of techniques, and development of methods). Based on this, the Armed Forces decided to keep complete mines, mine bodies, and mine fuzes to put in wood and gypsum dummies.[25]
The Armed Forces calculate that the 733 mines are needed for training each year. Some 200-300 personnel will be trained annually, with each trainee detecting and destroying two and four mines.[26] In addition to the mines used for training purposes, the Armed Forces calculate that 2,200 mines are needed for testing and development of mine clearance and detection equipment over next ten years.[27] Out of this total, 200 Swedish mines and the 418 foreign mines will be used to test mine detection equipment.[28] The rest will be used for testing of Mine Protected Vehicles and other mechanical equipment used in mine clearance.[29]
The Ministry of Defence tasked the Armed Forces to analyze the consequences if Sweden decided to retain only 5,000 antipersonnel mines. They concluded that this would necessitate purchase of mines from abroad to carry out planned activities, and consider the alternative of obtaining foreign antipersonnel mines to be difficult and expensive.[30]
In February 2002, Foreign Minister Anna Lindh stated, “In the preparatory work for the annual report that shall be submitted according to article 7 of the Ottawa Convention Sweden will follow the recommendations to include information about intended purposes and actual use of the antipersonnel mines that are retained in accordance with article 3.”[31]
The April 2002 Article 7 Report states, “All other devices of claymore-type have been reconstructed and rendered useless as antipersonnel mines.”[32] Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius told Landmine Monitor that during the last half of 2001, Truppmina 12 mines were modified so that they can only be used in command-detonated mode, as a weapon that has to be discharged by a soldier.[33]
The Article 7 Report adds, “It was also planned to do the same with anti-vehicle mines of claymore-type. However, due to prohibitive costs...it was decided instead to focus on measures to ensure that the mines are not used with tripwires. Thus, it is now prohibited to take the mines out from the storage without removing the tripwires, furthermore, it is also prohibited to train soldiers using any kind of tripwires for these mines.”[34] The order to this effect was issued on 2 March 2001, and the order prohibits use and distribution of the fuze as well as tripwires for these mines (Fordonsmina 13 and Fordonsmina 013R).[35]
With regard to the issue of antivehicle mines with sensitive fuzes or antihandling devices, the Minister of Foreign Affairs told Parliament in February 2002 that “the Swedish government is of the opinion that generally you can’t say that antivehicle and antitank mines with antihandling devices are comparable to antipersonnel mines.”[36] She also stated, “The government considers those antitank mines with antihandling devices possessed by Sweden to be compliant with the Ottawa Convention.”[37] Defense Minister Björn von Sydow stated, “The government does not have the intention to do a specific inventory of antivehicle and antitank mines with antihandling devices for reporting to the parties to the Convention.”[38]
Calculations of Swedish mine action funding can be based on funding agreements or actual disbursements of funds. Funds are often disbursed years after the funding agreement is reached.
Mine action funding agreements in 2001 totaled SEK91.6 million ($8.5 million), according to the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA).[39] This compares to SEK76.7 million in 2000, SEK94.5 million in 1999 and SEK129.5 million in 1998.[40]
Sweden detailed its mine action funding in its report to the OSCE in November 2001.[41] However, SIDA discovered that the report was incomplete, and has provided Landmine Monitor with additional information, which is reflected in the following chart.[42]
.[46]
The above totals do not include SEK5 million donated in April 2001 to the UN Trust Fund for Assistance in Humanitarian Mine Action.[47] Of the SEK5 million, SEK500,000 was earmarked for mine action in Yemen, SEK1.7 million to the work of WG 126 on standardization, and SEK2.5 million in secondment of personnel to the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining.[48]
Other funding related to mine action, but not included above is:
In November 2001, SIDA presented a final report on its policy regarding support to mine action.[51] According to the report, SIDA support to mine action is to be characterized by flexibility and knowledge about specific contexts. The mine-affected country has ownership of the mine problem, and SIDA’s support should therefore be long-term and aim at building local structures and competence. The consequences of conducted activities must be evaluated continually and the resulting knowledge must be passed on to new programs. In order to do this, there is a need for thorough analysis of technical and socio-economic conditions before any decision about mine action support. Generally, SIDA support shall be directed towards:
Survivor assistance programs will be supported by SIDA within the framework of ordinary health aid and through its support to organizations such as the Red Cross. SIDA prefers to earmark as little of the funding as possible, and gives a general contribution to the ICRC, which then makes its own priorities.[52] SIDA has provided the ICRC with 212 million SEK over the last 10 years.[53] Mine awareness will be supported by SIDA within the framework of support to mine clearance or as an independent activity.
During 2001, SRSA continued working with the UN Mine Action Coordination Center in Kosovo, with three personnel for quality control and information management. This support ended with the closure of the Center at the end of 2001.[54] On 15 November 2001, the Swedish government decided that the SRSA, with financing from SIDA, would provide personnel to the UN Mine Action Center for Ethiopia and Eritrea. The personnel will provide quality control of health care, IT support and mine clearance training.[55] SRSA works in cooperation with SWEDEC (Swedish EOD and Demining Center). SRSA also has one person seconded to GICHD. Since the beginning of 2001, the SRSA has participated in two EU projects, the BIOSENS and the DEMAND projects (see below).[56]
Until 2002, Sweden was lead nation in the Western European Union Demining Assistance Mission (WEUDAM) in Croatia. Sweden is now contributing one person to the mission.[57] Sweden is also contributing six people to the Cambodian Mine Action Center, in a project with mine detection dogs.[58] Sweden is also providing support to the humanitarian demining effort by the Baltic States, including naval demining.[59]
The Swedish battalion in Kosovo includes one ammunition clearance platoon. A Swedish Mine Awareness Team (MATT) supported KFOR in Kosovo until December 2001.[60] SWEDEC conducted mine awareness training for the MATTs in Kosovo, as well basic ammunition and mine clearance training for the platoon and for future members of the international ammunition clearance pool.[61]
Sweden provides personnel as well as financial support for the standardization work of UXO clearance carried out by the GICHD for UNMAS. Sweden also takes part in the work on standardizing mine action conducted through WEU and NATO, through the Partnership for Peace.[62] During 2002, Sweden has provided one staff person to the Joint Research Centre Secretariat in Ispra, Italy.[63] Sweden is involved in research coordination in the Nordic Demining Research Forum and within the EU (Action for Research and Information Support in Humanitarian Demining).[64] Sweden also participates in the International Test & Evaluation Program.
During 2001, the Swedish Defence Research Agency continued to conduct research within the area of ammunition and mine clearance at the request of the Swedish Armed Forces, SRSA, GICHD, EU, and some other institutions.[65]
The Biosensor project was launched in 1995 to develop an “artificial dog nose” sensor system to detect the presence of the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) in vapor form for humanitarian demining. More than SEK150 million (US$14 million) has since been invested.[66] The DEMAND project will support the development of a Biosensor technology system within a multi-technology mine detector. The Swedish Rescue Services Agency has received a prototype of the mine detector.[67] During 2001, Sweden contributed approximately SEK23 million ($2.13 million) to development of the Biosensor system for mine clearance.[68]
Bofors has developed the Mine-Guzzler demining vehicle for humanitarian civil operations.[69] It is operational and ready for serial production as soon as there are buyers. The vehicle has been tested in Croatia, Germany, Egypt, and Sweden.[70]
The PICE Multi-Sensor (PMS) was designed to be used like a metal detector, but to disregard non-dangerous objects such as nails or cans. The program was terminated in April 2001 due to lack of external financing.[71] At the time of termination of the program, various functional units had been developed and tested.
Countermine Technologies is the parent company for three subsidiary companies, whose activities include development and production of demining equipment and the conduct of demining operations. During 2001, Countermine Technologies completed two demining projects in Croatia, which were ordered by the ITF. The projects cleared 360,000 square meters of land. New projects started in October 2001, but were stopped in December 2001 because of bad weather conditions. The projects should be concluded during 2002. Ten to 12 persons (mine clearance personnel and a medical team) are active in the projects. During 2001, a serious incident occurred with the Oracle machine, which exploded three antitank mines when it was about to park during a break in a demining operation. No one was injured.[72] The Oracle machine received only small damage and was after recovery able to be driven and operated.[73] The incident occurred at a bus stop for school buses in a “Safe Area” (marked by CROMAC) where there are not supposed to be any mines.[74]
The mechanical demining machine Scanjack, developed by the Scandinavian
Demining Group, has been in full operation in Croatia since April 2001, clearing
2.5 million square meters of land by the end of the
year.[75] A second machine was
tested by the Swedish Defence Material Administration during the month of
September 2001. This machine is now in use in Croatia by the subsidiary
Scanjack d.o.o. Total revenue from the commercial humanitarian demining
operations in Croatia during 2001 was $1.5
million.[76]
| <SWAZILAND | SWITZERLAND > |
[1] See Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p. 726.
[2] This is Sweden’s fourth report. Article 7 Reports, submitted on 29 October 1999 for the period 1 May-30 September 1999; submitted on 14 June 2000 for the period 1 September 1999-1 April 2000; submitted on 30 April 2001 for the period 1 April 2000-1 April 2001; and submitted on 25 April 2002 for the period 1 April 2001-1 April 2002.
[3] Sweden was represented by Ambassador Markensten, from the Embassy in Nicaragua, and Counselor Lindahl Kenny, Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva.
[4] It was represented variously by Ambassador Henrik Salander and Counselor Lindahl Kenny, Permanent Mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Lieutenant-Colonel Olof Carelius, Armed Forces, Daniel Nord, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Johnny Kjellstrom, Ministry of Defense, and Magnus Carlqvist, Swedish International Development Agency.
[5] Remarks to the Standing Committee on Stockpile Destruction, Geneva, 31 January 2002. Notes taken by Landmine Monitor.
[6] Speech by Anna Lindh, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Conference on Disarmament, Geneva, 7 February 2002.
[7] Interview with Anna Hammarlund, Desk Officer, and Johnny Kjellström, Desk Officer, Ministry of Defence, Stockholm, 9 January 2002. Finland is the only EU member that has not joined the Mine Ban Treaty.
[8] Ibid.
[9] Statement by Hans Dahlgren, State Secretary for Foreign Affairs, to the Second CCW Review Conference, 12 December 2001.
[10] Article 13 Report, submitted on 6 and 10 December 2001 (there are two versions of the report). This reports on the legislative implementation of the Protocol in Sweden, information exchange and funding of mine action programs.
[11] Email from Dick Börjesson, Advisor, Ministry of Defence, Stockholm, 8 March 2002.
[12] “Swedish position on the significance of Article 1(c) of the Ottawa Convention as regards participation in international peace operations,” Memorandum, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 September 2001.
[13] Ibid.; emphasis added.
[14] Ibid.
[15] “Vårt deltagande i en gemensam militär operation där någon av de deltagande staterna använder antipersonella minor skulle kunna anses strida mot konventionens anda om vi inte på alla sätt motverkade användandet av antipersonella minor.” Anna Lindh, Minister of Foreign Affairs, written answer to question (2001/02:619) in Parliament, 13 February 2002.
[16] Remarks to the Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 31 May 2002. Notes taken by Landmine Monitor (HRW).
[17] Email from Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 22 January 2002.
[18] Article 7 Reports, Form G, 30 April 2001 and 25 April 2002.
[19] See Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 792.
[20] Article 7 Report, Form F, 25 April 2002; email from Johnny Kjellström, Desk Officer, Ministry of Defence, 8 February 2002.
[21] Article 7 Report, Form B, 25 April 2002. Sweden also has 1,590 Truppmina 11 mines that it counted last year as retained mines. However, it has determined that since it is not keeping any mine fuzes that could be connected to Truppmina 11, the mine bodies of Truppmina 11 should not be counted as retained mines. Email from Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 20 March 2002.
[22] Article 7 Report, Form B, 30 April 2001. The additional mines are 1,800 Truppmina10 and 2,200 Truppmina 49B, all to be kept by the Bofors Defence/Saab Bofors Test Center for development of mine clearance equipment.
[23] 2,840 of these are mines without fuzes, but which could be connected to fuzes kept for dummies. Article 7 Report, Form B, 25 April 2002.
[24] Article 7 Report, Form B, 25 April 2002.
[25] Email from Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 20 March 2002.
[26] Article 7 Report, Form D, 25 April 2002. In addition to the complete live mines, the Armed Forces are also keeping mine bodies of Truppmina 10, Truppmina 11, Splittermina 48, and Granatmina 43 T mines for training purposes. Email from Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 20 March 2002.
[27] Article 7 Report, Form D, 25 April 2002.
[28] Ibid.; telephone interview with Daniel Nord, Desk Officer, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 8 May 2002.
[29] Email from Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 20 March 2002. The Truppmina 11 mine bodies and mine fuzes will also be used for these purposes.
[30] Interview with Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, Stockholm, 1 March 2002.
[31] Minister of Foreign Affairs Anna Lindh, written answer to question (2001/02:691) in Parliament, 14 February 2002. Translated by Landmine Monitor researcher.
[32] Article 7 Report, Form B, 30 April 2001.
[33] Email from Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 22 January 2002; Amended Protocol II Article 13 Report, Form C, 6/10 December 2001.
[34] Article 7 Report, Form B, 25 April 2002.
[35] Email from Lt.-Col. Olof Carelius, Armed Forces Headquarters, 8 March 2001.
[36] Minister of Foreign Affairs answer to question (2001/02:621) in Parliament, 11 February 2002.
[37] Ibid., 14 March 2002.
[38] Minister of Defense Björn von Sydow, written answer to question (2001/02:857) in Parliament, 13 March 2002.
[39] Email from Magnus Carlquist, Desk Officer, Swedish International Development Agency, 22 March 2002. Exchange rate at 7 February 2002: US$1 = SEK10.786, used throughout except where indicated.
[40] “SIDA support to mine action 1990-2000,” Fact Sheet, Swedish International Development Agency, October 2000.
[41] Report to the OSCE, 14 November 2001. This report indicates mine action agreements in 2001 totaling SEK67.4 million.
[42] Email from Magnus Carlquist, Desk Officer, Swedish International Development Agency, 22 March 2002.
[43] This table reports on decisions taken (agreements) during 2001 to fund mine action programs. Sources for the funding are an email from Magnus Carlquist, Desk Officer, SIDA, 22 March 2002, and Sweden’s report to the OSCE, 15 December 2001, p. 3. The funding figures in US$ are as included in the OSCE report. Information for the column “Implementing agency” has been collected from SIDA’s assistance decision documents and from the annual report required by Article 13 of Amended Protocol II, 6 December 2001, pp. 4-5. Abbreviations used: UNOCHA – United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan, NPA – Norwegian People’s Aid, UNOPS – United Nations Office for Project Services, BHMAC – Bosnia and Herzegovina Mine Action Centre, ITF – International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance, CMAC – Cambodian Mine Action Center, UNDP TF – UN Development Program Trust Fund, UN MACC – UN Mine Action Coordination Center, DDG – Danish Demining Group, SRSA – Swedish Rescue Services Agency, HI – Handicap International, MAG – Mines Advisory Group.
[44] The agreement totals SEK10 million for the period 2001-2003 (SEK4 million 2001, SEK4 million 2002, SEK2 million 2003). Email from Magnus Carlquist, Desk Officer, Swedish International Development Agency, 22 March 2002.
[45] The agreement totals SEK25 million for the period 2001-2003 (SEK10 million 2001, SEK10 million 2002, SEK5 million 2003). Email from Magnus Carlquist, Desk Officer, Swedish International Development Agency, 22 March 2002.
[46] Email from Anders Berg, Swedish Rescue Services Agency, 14 December 2001.
[47] Report to the OSCE, 14 November 2001, p. 3, and interview with Sara Uddenberg, Desk Officer, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Stockholm, 20 December 2001.
[48] Article 7 Report, Form J, 25 April 2002.
[49] “Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan 2001 Including Donor Alert 2001-2002,” Fact Sheet, SIDA, November 2001.
[50] “Update on mine action in Afghanistan,” UN, 15 January 2002.
[51] “Inriktning för SIDAs stöd till minverksamheter” (“Direction for SIDA’s support to mine action”), Swedish International Development Agency, November 2001.
[52] Email from Magnus Carlquist, Desk Officer, SIDA, 8 May 2002.
[53] Article 7 Report, Form J, 25 April 2002.
[54] Email from Anders Berg, Swedish Rescue Services Agency, 14 December 2001.
[55] Press release from the Swedish Ministry of Defence, 15 November 2001.
[56] Email from Anders Berg, Swedish Rescue Services Agency, 14 December 2001.
[57] Article 13 Report, Form F, 6/10 December 2001.
[58] Amended Protocol II Article 13 Report, Form F, 6/10 December 2001; Swedish Armed Forces Annual Report 2001, International Activities: Developments in the field of EOD and mine clearance for international peace support and humanitarian operations,” p. 77.
[59] Report to the OSCE, 14 November 2001, p. 4.
[60] Swedish Armed Forces Annual Report 2001, International activities, p. 77.
[61] Ibid., p. 76.
[62] Article 13 Report, Form E, 6/10 December 2001.
[63] Swedish Armed Forces Annual Report 2001, International Activities, p. 78.
[64] Report to the OSCE, 14 November 2001, p. 4.
[65] Swedish Armed Forces Annual Report 2001, International Activities, p. 73.
[66] Email from Henrik Westander, Consultant for the Biosensor project, 23 January 2002.
[67] Ibid.
[68] Ibid., 26 February 2002.
[69] www.boforsdefence.se, accessed on 15 March 2001.
[70] Email from Allan Carlsson, Sales Director, Bofors Defence, 22 January 2002.
[71] Email from Lena Eng, Project Manager (SBD), SAAB Dynamics, 20 February 2002.
[72] “Report for January-September 2001,” Countermine Technologies, and email from Carl-Erik Ohlsson, Marketing Director and member of the board, Countermine Technologies, 20 March 2002.
[73] Telephone interview with Carl-Erik Ohlsson, Marketing Director and member of the board, Countermine Technologies, 18 March 2002.
[74] “Report for January-September 2001,” Countermine Technologies.
[75] Information document dated 31 December 2001 from Scandinavian Demining group AB, and email with corrections to the document from Lennart Berglund, Chief Executive Officer, Scandinavian Demining Group AB, 21 January 2002.
[76] Email from Lennart Berglund, Chief Executive Officer, Scandinavian Demining Group AB, 21 January 2002.
