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Action Alert: Banning Antipersonnel Mines in the Asia-Pacific Region

Author/Origin: Sue Wixley wixleySPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERicbl.org

(Wednesday 13 November 2002 )

Summary


Muzammil Syed - eyeless, a plastic limp. Every step is dangerous. Pakistan, Aug 1999, (pic: George Gittoes).
This alert targets four states not party to the Mine Ban Treaty in Asia-Pacific: India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It is part of our Asia Appeal, which aims to boost universalisation of the treaty in this region in the run-up to the Fifth Meeting of States Parties next year. It is also coincides with the fifth anniversary (in December 2003) of both the Treaty signing and the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to the ICBL and Jody Williams.

Feedback and queries to Sue Wixley, Advocacy and Communications Officer: SPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERicbl.org">wixleySPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERicbl.org and Liz Bernstein, Coordinator: SPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERicbl.org">banemnowSPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERicbl.org by end January 2003 please! Included below are the following:

  1. Introduction (focus and timing for the action);
  2. Action strategies (information on each target country, plus suggested actions and messages);
  3. Background (Why the focus on Asia-Pacific? Why these four targets countries?);
  4. Action tools (sample letters, calendar).

1. Introduction

This Action Alert targets four countries in Asia-Pacific that have not yet joined the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty: India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. We urge India and Pakistan specifically to stop using landmines and to halt the production of the weapon. We call on all four countries to join the Treaty and work towards upholding its principles; and to commit to comprehensive, effective mine action and victim assistance.

The Action Alert coincides with the fifth anniversary of the signing of the Mine Ban Treaty (on 3 December 1997, in Ottawa Canada) and the fifth anniversary of the award of the Nobel Peace Prize to the ICBL and Jody Williams (Founding Coordinator, now ICBL Ambassador). Five years on, three-quarters of the world has embraced a ban on this indiscriminate weapon and much progress has been made in clearing antipersonnel mines, destroying stockpiled mines and assisting mine survivors. But there are still nations that remain outside this global ban movement and here we urge India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka to join us in building a mine-free world!

The focus on the Asia-Pacific region is part of the Asia Appeal, which takes up the challenge of universalising and implementing the Mine Ban Treaty in the lead up to the Fifth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in Bangkok in September 2003. (See Point 3. Background, for more information on landmines in Asia and the choice of target countries.)

Work on these four target countries is NOT exclusive and the Action Alert is intended to add to (rather than take away from) campaigning on universalisation in other countries and regions. In fact, we hope that work continues on universalising the treaty in other parts of the world and that this is taken up as part of an ongoing programme to promote a world-wide ban on antipersonnel mines.

Feel free to adapt this Action Alert to fit in with existing advocacy activities. You may consider:

  • linking work on this Action Alert with activities on the Youth Against War Treaty signature campaign, which targets India and Pakistan (see 1.1. below);
  • using letter-writing events to the four target countries as part of your activities to commemorate the anniversary of the Nobel Peace Prize and signing of the Mine Ban Treaty in December 2003;
  • focussing on one or two of the target countries in this Action Alert if you cannot take on all four countries, choosing those where your country has greater political or economic influence;
  • including messages from this Action Alert in ongoing discussions with your government, particularly if it is already a State Party to the treaty; and
  • taking other actions on the targets in addition to those suggested in the Action Strategy section. For example: - carry out outreach activities to involve the expatriate communities of the target countries in lobbying and campaigning. Contact community groups or professional associations linked with immigrant Indians, Indonesians, Pakistanis or Sri Lankans. Produce a short leaflet with information on the mine situation in the country and how to get involved (translated into Urdu or an appropriate language if useful); - or organise an exhibition or film show (see the image library for ideas on this.
Please let us know how you get on! We would be very grateful for feedback on the actions you have taken, the responses you receive to your lobbying and on the usefulness (or not) of this Action Alert. Please send this information, or direct any questions you may have, to: Sue Wixley, Advocacy and Communications Officer: SPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERicbl.org">wixleySPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERicbl.org and Liz Bernstein, Coordinator: SPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERicbl.org">banemnowSPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERicbl.org by the end of January 2003.

1.1. Youth Against War Treaty

Young people (under 25) are encouraged to promote the Youth Against War Treaty. Started by ICBL Youth Ambassador Song Kosal, this simple treaty collects signatures from youth who agree: "We want no more war! We want no more mines! We want no more victims! We promise to work for peace in our world!" The Youth Against War Treaty can be signed online. Signature collection sheets, flyers and action kits in several languages can also be downloaded from this website. The signatures will be handed over to the governments of India and Pakistan in September 2003. For more information please contact: SPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERicbl.org%22">yawSPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERicbl.org.

2. Action Strategies


This campaign targets four countries in Asia-Pacific, urging them to ban mines, join the Mine Ban Treaty!
(Map: Landmine Monitor Report 2002 - Jasmine Desclaux-Salachas)

A more strategic approach -- whereby we adapt our message and action to each country context -- works best! Here is information on the situation in the four target countries and our message to their governments.

INDIA

India and landmines: India is not a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty. India is mine-affected and a user and producer of antipersonnel mines. It also keeps a large stockpile of the weapon: at 4-5 million it has the fifth largest stockpile of the weapon in the world.
Since December 2001, Indian Government forces have been involved in what appears to be the largest mine-laying operation in years and possibly decades. As a result, countless civilians have been killed and maimed. The livelihoods of farmers in the areas along the border are also being destroyed. The civilian casualties raise concerns that inadequate precautions have been taken to protect civilians as required by the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Protocol II. In addition to government mine-laying, according to Landmine Monitor Report 2002, it appears that in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir, five armed non-state groups have been using landmines. In other Indian states at least six other armed non-state groups have used mines and/or home-made Improvised Explosive Devices. Recent reports indicate that mine-laying by both India and Pakistan has stopped, and India has started clearance -- as part of a wider reduction of tensions on the border.

Suggested actions

  • Write to New Delhi (see message ideas and addresses below);
  • If India has diplomatic representation in your country, please set up a meeting and/or write to the Ambassador/High Commissioner;
  • Encourage campaigners under 25 to join the Youth Against War Treaty campaign and sign the online petition (see 1.1. above);
  • If your government is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty, urge them to raise the issue with India in bilateral meetings and démarches. (A démarche is a diplomatic representation and tends to take the form of a formal, confidential letter from one government to another). (See 2.1. below for ideas on your Message to States Parties).
Message to New Delhi: Express outrage at India's recent mine-laying along the Pakistani border, and ongoing production and stockpiling of antipersonnel mines. Highlight the fact that many civilians have lost lives, limbs and livelihoods as a result of these indiscriminate weapons. Say that antipersonnel mines violate customary international law on two counts: they are indiscriminate and they are disproportionate (the harm to civilians outweighs any military benefits). Point out that mines have had little impact on the outcome of previous Indo-Pakistani wars, according to the 1996 study carried out by the International Committee of the Red Cross. Note that most countries now reject any use, production, stockpiling or trade of the weapon and that there are now 129 States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, including Afghanistan (which acceded to the Treaty in September 2002). Finally, urge Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to stop using and producing antipersonnel mines, to take steps to protect civilians, to ensure effective mine risk education and clearance, to provide comprehensive assistance to victims and to move towards a comprehensive ban on antipersonnel mines.

Addresses

  • Send letter to: Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee Rashtrapati Bavan, 110004 New Delhi, India, Fax: +91-11-301-9545 / +91-11-301-6857; +91-11-972-2-664-838 (Salutation: The Honourable).
  • Send copies to: Minister of Foreign Affairs Mr. Yashwant Sinha, South Block 11, 110 011 New Delhi, India, Fax: +91-11-301-0700 (Salutation: His Excellency). Also copy to your own government (where appropriate) and to the nearest Indian embassy: listed here.

More information

INDONESIA

Indonesia and landmines: Indonesia is a signatory to the Mine Ban Treaty. It is not a mine-affected nation. Encouragingly, Indonesia has taken a number steps towards ratifying the treaty, including the establishment of a National Ad-Hoc Working Group on the Mine Ban Treaty and a public declaration on their antipersonnel mine stockpile.

Suggested actions

  • Write to Jakarta (see message ideas and addresses below);
  • If Indonesia has diplomatic representation in your country, please set up a meeting and/or write to the Ambassador;
  • If your government is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty, urge them to raise the issue with Indonesia in bilateral meetings and démarches. (A démarche is a diplomatic representation and tends to take the form of a formal, confidential letter from one government to another). (See 2.1. below for ideas on your Message to States Parties).
Message to Jakarta: Welcome the progress that Indonesia has made towards banning antipersonnel mines and congratulate Indonesia for its good intentions in signing the Mine Ban Treaty in 1997. Acknowledge that the government faces many pressing issues, but emphasise the humanitarian imperative of joining the Treaty as soon as possible and urge President Megawati Sukarnoputi to take the last remaining step by ratifying the Convention. Point out that the Fifth Meeting of States Parties is taking place in Bangkok in mid-September and that there will be much positive attention at this event for those nations that ratify or accede to the Convention.

Addresses

  • Send letter to: President Megawati Sukarnoputi, President of the Republic of Indonesia, Presidential Palace, Istana Merdeka, Jakarta 10110, Indonesia Fax: + 62 21 345 2685 (via State Secretariat) (Salutation: Her Excellency).
  • Send copies to: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Noer Hasan Wirajuda, 6 Jalan Taman Pejamben, 10640 Jakarta, Indonesia, Fax: +62-21-371-508 (Salutation: His Excellency). Also copy to your own government (where appropriate) and to the nearest Indonesian embassy: listed here.

More information

PAKISTAN

Pakistan and landmines: The situation here is similar to India. Pakistan is not a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty. Also, Pakistan is mine-affected and a user and producer of the antipersonnel mines. It also keeps a large stockpile of the weapon: at an estimated 6 million it is the fourth largest stockpile of the weapon in the world.
Pakistan Government forces laid large numbers of antipersonnel mines along the shared border with India, since December 2001. According to Landmine Monitor Report 2002, there have been many reports of civilian casualties since then. 36 children were amongst the 92 new mine casualties recorded in 2001. These casualties call into question the effectiveness of measures to protect civilians, as required by the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) Protocol II. Recent reports indicate that mine-laying by both India and Pakistan has stopped, and India has started clearance -- as part of a wider reduction of tensions on the border.

Suggested actions

  • Write to Islamabad (see message ideas and addresses below);
  • If Pakistan has diplomatic representation in your country, please set up a meeting and/or write to the Ambassador/High Commissioner;
  • Encourage campaigners under 25 to join the Youth Against War Treaty campaign and sign the online petition (see 1.1. above);
  • If your government is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty, urge them to raise the issue with Pakistan in bilateral meetings and démarches. (A démarche is a diplomatic representation and tends to take the form of a formal, confidential letter from one government to another). (See 2.1. below for ideas on your Message to States Parties).
Message to Islamabad: Express outrage at Pakistan's mine-laying along the Indian border and its ongoing production and stockpiling of antipersonnel mines. Highlight the fact that many civilians have lost lives, limbs and livelihoods as a result of these indiscriminate weapons. Say that antipersonnel mines violate customary international law on two counts: they are indiscriminate and they are disproportionate (the harm to civilians outweighs any military benefits). Make the point that most countries now reject any use, production, stockpiling or trade of the weapon and that there are now 129 States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, including Afghanistan (which acceded to the Treaty in September 2002). Point out that mines have had little impact on the outcome of previous Indo-Pakistani wars (according to the 1996 study carried out by the International Committee of the Red Cross). Finally, urge President Pervez Musharraf to stop using and producing antipersonnel mines, to take steps to protect civilians, to ensure effective mine risk education and clearance, to provide comprehensive assistance to victims and to move towards a comprehensive ban on antipersonnel mines.

Addresses

More information

SRI LANKA

Sri Lanka and landmines: Sri Lanka is not a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty. It is a mine-affected country and the northern and eastern areas are the most heavily mined. The government estimates that there are around 700,000 mines in the ground.
Mines were used extensively by government forces and combatants of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) during almost two decades of conflict. There have been no reports of use since December 2001, following unilateral ceasefires by both sides. In January 2002, a leader of the LTTE voiced support for a ban on mines for the first time, according to Landmine Monitor Report 2002. Following progress in the peace process, mine action activities are now underway. It seems that there was an increase in new mine casualties in 2001, to more than 300, and clearly mines pose a serious risk for returning communities.

Suggested actions

  • Write to Colombo (see message ideas below);
  • If Sri Lanka has diplomatic representation in your country, please set up a meeting and/or write to the Ambassador;
  • If your government is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty, urge them to raise the issue with Sri Lanka in bilateral meetings and démarches. (A démarche is a diplomatic representation and tends to take the form of a formal, confidential letter from one government to another). (See 2.1. below for ideas on your Message to States Parties).
Message to Colombo Thank the Government for ceasing to use antipersonnel mines and encourage them to embrace a complete ban by acceding to the Mine Ban Treaty! Make the point that most countries now reject any use, production, stockpiling or trade of the weapon and that there are now 129 States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, including Afghanistan (which acceded to the Treaty in September 2002). Assert that peace becomes more sustainable when accompanied by a formal ban on mine use, which is also a confidence building measure, and that becoming a State Party is likely to boost international assistance for mine action, survivor assistance and stockpile destruction in Sri Lanka. Urge Colombo to do everything possible to prevent further civilian casualties and to pay attention to mine action and victim assistance. In conclusion, note that the Fifth Meeting of States Parties is taking place in Bangkok in mid-September and that there will be much positive attention at this event for those nations that ratify or accede to the Convention.

Addresses

  • Send letter to: President Chandrika Banderanaike Kumaratunga, Presidential Secretariat, Secretarial Building, 01 Colombo, Sri Lanka, Fax: +94-333707 / E-mail:SPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERsri.lanka.net">for_minSPAMFLTER@SPATMFLTERsri.lanka.net(Salutation: His Excellency)
  • Send copies to: Minister of Foreign Affairs M. Tyronne Fernando, Republic Building, 01 Colombo, Sri Lanka, Fax: +94-1-436-630 (Salutation: His Excellency) Also copy to your own government (where appropriate) and to the nearest Sri Lankan embassy: listed here.

More information

2.1. Message to States Parties

If your government is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty, appeal to them to use their influence on the four target countries (and all other states not party to the Treaty). Remind them of their obligation to promote the universalisation of the Convention as set out in its preamble.
On India and Pakistan: note that their mine use is particularly serious because of its extensive nature and its effect on the civilian population. Argue that this mine-laying violates customary international humanitarian law as well as the spirit of the Treaty. Urge your government to condemn this mine laying, as well as ongoing production and stockpiling of antipersonnel mines by these two countries. Suggest that they include a message on the mine issue in any dialogue with India and/or Pakistan in relation to the general security situation.
On Indonesia and Sri Lanka: introduce the ICBL's Asia Appeal and our hope of galvanising support for the treaty in Asia-Pacific region in the lead-up to the Fifth Meeting of States Parties in Bangkok in September 2003. Summarise your messages to Jakarta and Colombo and underline the importance of your government's positive influence on these two countries. On Sri Lanka, suggest that your government inserts the landmine issue into more general discussions with Colombo about the peace process.

3. Background


There has been great progress in banning mines in some corners of Asia, but we still have a long way to go in other parts. Here Cambodian children dance for a ban! (Pic: John Rodsted).

3.1. Why Asia?

This is an important region because half of the 40 countries in Asia-Pacific region remain outside the Mine Ban Treaty: there are 16 States Party countries and 5 signatories. Last year, mine casualties were recorded in 13 of the 16 mine-affected countries in this region: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, India, South Korea, Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam. Some of these countries are amongst the most severely mine-affected in the world: Afghanistan, Burma (Myanmar), Laos, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Major antipersonnel mine users, producers and stockpilers can also be found in this part of the world: Burma (Myanmar), China, India and Pakistan.
Clearly therefore there are a number of challenges to universalise the Mine Ban Treaty here and consolidate the international norm opposing mine use.
However at the same time, there has been progress, which we hope to reinforce through this Action Alert. For example, extensive mine clearance has freed up vast tracts of land in places like Cambodia and Thailand. In September, Afghanistan took the bold step of acceding to the Mine Ban Treaty. States Parties in the region have been active proponents of the treaty, in bilateral discussions and in forums like the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Many also contribute generously to mine action and victim assistance activities: Australia provided around US$6.4 million in mine action funding in the financial year 2001-2002 and Japan contributed US$6.98 million in the same period.
Next year's annual government meeting on the Mine Ban Treaty, the Fifth Meeting of States Parties (5MSP), takes place in Bangkok, Thailand. This meeting in mid-September provides an important opportunity to place the mine ban firmly on Asia-Pacific's political agenda. We hope that this Action Alert, plus an ongoing campaigning focus on Asia in the period leading up to the 5MSP, will help to keep decision makers and the public working towards a mine-free Asia-Pacific region. Hopefully too, we will mirror the success of the Managua Challenge, which encouraged so many countries in the Americas region to destroy their stockpiled antipersonnel mines before the Meeting of States Party in Nicaragua in 2001.

 

3.2. Why these four target countries?

All four countries are non-States Parties. India and Pakistan are responsible for what could be the largest scale of landmine laying operations in decades along the shared border in 2001, and both countries continue to produce the weapon. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are mine-affected countries and landmines continue to take the lives and limbs of civilians and obstruct development and post-conflict reconstruction. Other reason for our choice of targets include:
  • it is hoped that movement on landmine policy in Indonesia will have an impact on others in the region, given its economic and political weight; and
  • the peace process underway in Sri Lanka at the moment presents an opportunity for us to push for a mine ban (and urge steps that will make permanent the moratorium on mine use instituted by both sides since December 2001).
In terms of multilateral fora, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka are part of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), and these three are also members of the Commonwealth (which has a majority of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty amongst the institution's member countries). Indonesia is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).

4. Action Tools

4.1. Sample letters

See above (3. Action strategies) for information on the content of your letters to each target. Below is information on the format for these letters. However, as you will see, these are not 'model letters', but instead provides the basic framework and leave the wording up to you. We have done this because individually composed letters tend to be much more effective than form letters. Note: brackets [ ] and capital letters indicates where specific information needs to be inserted.

 

4.1.1. Sample lobbying letter to target country: India, Indonesia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka

[enter YOUR ADDRESS – right hand side]

[enter the OFFICIAL'S salutation, name, title, address – left hand side]

[enter the DATE – right hand side]

Dear [enter OFFICIAL'S salutation, title and name as above]

[FOR LETTERS TO INDONESIA AND SRI LANKA:]

I am writing on behalf of [NAME OF CAMPAIGN/ORGANISATION] to encourage [INDONESIA/SRI LANKA] to accede to the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (or Mine Ban Treaty) as soon as possible.

[OR -- FOR INDIA AND PAKISTAN:]

I am writing on behalf of [NAME OF CAMPAIGN/ORGANISATION] to express our grave concern [OR: OUTRAGE] at the deployment of antipersonnel landmines along the border with INDIA [OR:PAKISTAN] and to urge you to take all possible precautions to protect civilians, as per your obligations under the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons Protocol II.]

[ADD HERE INFORMATION ON CAMPAIGNING YOU ARE INVOLVED IN ON THE TARGET COUNTRY EG.] Amongst our activities for a mine-free INDIA [OR: SPECIFY], we are involved in outreach with the INDIAN [OR: SPECIFY] community in this country, promotion of the Youth Against War Treaty, lobbying of politicians and fundraising for mine action in INDIA [OR: SPECIFICY].

[ADD IN OTHER MESSAGES, INCLUDING THOSE LISTED ABOVE IN SECTION 3. YOU MAY ALSO WISH TO ADD IN INFORMATION FROM THE LANDMINE MONITOR COUNTRY REPORT OR FROM RECENT ARTICLES IN THE ICBL'S MEDIA REPORTS.]

[CONCLUDE: As a fellow member of the COMMONWEALTH [FOR INDIA, PAKISTAN, SRI LANKA ONLY AND IF YOUR COUNTRY IS PART OF THE COMMONWEALTH] [OR SPECIFY ANOTHER SHARED MULTILATERAL FORA], we urge you to carry out the recommendation by the Heads of Government Meeting in Coolum in March 2002 and accede to the Treaty. OR: As one of your neighbours in Asia-Pacific, we urge you to join in the movement for a mine-free region and eventually a mine-free world.

[Yours sincerely]

[YOUR signature, name and if appropriate your title and organisation]

CC: [OFFICIALS who have received copies of the letter]

 

4.1.2 Sample lobbying letter to own government or other secondary target

[enter YOUR ADDRESS – right hand side]

[enter the OFFICIAL'S salutation, name, title, address – left hand side]

[enter the DATE – right hand side]

Dear [enter OFFICIAL'S salutation, title and name as above]

On behalf of [NAME OF CAMPAIGN/ORGANISATION], I am writing to encourage your support in promoting the 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (or Mine Ban Treaty) in the Asia-Pacific region. In particular, we [OR: I] are seeking your support on the one hand in bringing Indonesia and Sri Lanka on board the Mine Ban Treaty, and on the other hand in condemning mine use by India and Pakistan and encouraging them to join the treaty too.

[OR YOU MAY WISH TO START BY CONGRATULATING YOUR GOVERNMENT ON WORK ALREADY DONE ON UNIVERSALISATION AND/OR FOR OTHER ASSISTANCE EG. FUNDING FOR MINE ACTION AND URGE THAT THEY ADD TO THIS BY USING THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE TARGET COUNTRIES…]

We [OR: I] enclose the letter that has been submitted to OFFICIAL AND TARGET COUNTRY NAME on DATE and would be grateful for your help in highlighting our message about the importance of a ban on antipersonnel landmines. [ADD HERE A SPECIFIC REQUEST, FOR EXAMPLE: In particular, we are requesting that a démarche is sent to TARGET COUNTRY on this issue. OR IN THE CASE OF INDIA AND PAKISTAN: In particular, we [OR CHOOSE: I] believe it is important that a message on the landmine issue is included in any bilateral discussions with INDIA [OR CHOOSE: PAKISTAN] on the general security situation in the sub-region and request that this issue is included in the speaking notes of officials involved in such discussions. OR MAKE MENTION OF A MULTILATERAL FORUM EG. THE COMMONWEALTH THAT YOUR COUNTRY SHARES WITH THE TARGET/S AND SUGGEST THAT THIS COULD BE A GOOD AVENUE TO USE THEIR INFLUENCE AND MENTION AN UPCOMING MEETING OF THIS FORUM. ]

We [OR: I] look forward to your support in promoting the Mine Ban Treaty and working towards its universalisation so that we can welcome even more States Parties at the Fifth Meeting of States Parties in Bangkok in September 2003.

Yours sincerely

YOUR signature, name and if appropriate your title and organisation.

CC: [OFFICIALS who have received copies of the letter]

 

4.2. Calendar

When planning your action, look at the ICBL calendar for information on upcoming events.

Link(s) to more information:

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